If there were no aquaporin channels in the collecting duct, ________.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: No aquaporins in collecting ducts prevent water reabsorption, causing dehydration not edema, Na+ retention, or vitamin loss. This links ADH to water, critical for balance, contrasting with retention.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Kidneys release EPO, renin, and activate vitamin D not vitamin E (dietary). This corrects renal functions, critical for physiology, contrasting with nutritional roles.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: ANP inhibits aldosterone/ADH, reducing water/Na+ reabsorption all apply. This defines natriuretic effect, key for volume reduction, contrasting with single actions.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Intercalated cells in the collecting tubule maintain acid-base balance secrete H (type A) or HCO₃⁻ (type B) to adjust pH (e.g., via H -ATPase). Principal cells manage water/Na ADH/aldosterone-driven, not pH. Podocytes filter in the glomerulus no tubular role. Juxtaglomerular cells release renin blood pressure-focused. Intercalated cells' pH regulation distinguishes them, key to distal acid-base correction, unlike water, filtration, or vascular cells.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Untreated -10 mmHg NFP leads to acute renal failure (ARF) no filtration (e.g., shock) causes acute injury, oliguria. Chronic kidney disease is progressive not acute. Diuresis needs filtration opposite here. Stable GFR requires positive NFP unfeasible. ARF's acute onset distinguishes it, key to hypoperfusion consequences, unlike chronic, diuretic, or stable outcomes.