If a healthcare provider administers an injection to a patient who refuses, they have committed:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: When a healthcare provider administers treatment, such as an injection, against a patient's refusal or will, it constitutes assault and battery. Assault refers to the intentional act that causes a person to fear that they will be touched without consent, while battery involves the actual harmful or offensive contact. In this scenario, administering the injection without the patient's consent is both an assault (causing fear of unwanted contact) and a battery (unwanted physical contact). Therefore, the correct answer is 'Assault and battery.' Negligence refers to a failure to exercise the appropriate level of care expected in a situation, while malpractice involves professional negligence or misconduct.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The scenario described involves a breach of duty by the healthcare provider to properly supervise the infant, resulting in harm. This failure to meet the standard of care falls under the category of malpractice, which refers to professional negligence or misconduct. Malpractice specifically applies to situations where a healthcare provider's actions or omissions deviate from the accepted standard of care, causing harm to a patient. In this case, the nurse's lack of supervision leading to the infant falling off the scale and sustaining a skull fracture would be considered malpractice.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A. Administering a drug to a patient with a known allergy, leading to severe harm such as an allergic reaction causing cerebral damage due to anoxia, constitutes nursing malpractice. In this scenario, the nurse failed to adhere to the standard of care by administering a medication that the patient was allergic to, resulting in serious harm, which is a clear example of malpractice in nursing.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: When assessing postoperative pain in an Asian patient, cultural considerations must be taken into account, as many Asian cultures emphasize stoicism and may avoid overt expressions of pain. The correct answer, **C (Immobility, diaphoresis, and avoidance of deep breathing or coughing)**, aligns with common cultural pain responses observed in Asian populations. These patients often exhibit nonverbal cues such as guarding the affected area, limited movement, and physiological signs like sweating (diaphoresis) due to discomfort. They may also avoid deep breathing or coughing to minimize pain, which can lead to complications like atelectasis but reflects their tendency to endure discomfort quietly rather than verbalize it. **Why the other options are incorrect:** **A: Decreased blood pressure and heart rate and shallow respirations** – This is incorrect because postoperative pain typically triggers a sympathetic nervous system response, leading to *increased* blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rate due to stress and discomfort. Shallow respirations alone may occur due to pain, but decreased blood pressure and heart rate are more indicative of shock or sedation rather than pain. **B: Quiet crying** – While some patients may cry quietly in response to pain, this is less culturally typical for many Asian patients, who often prioritize emotional restraint. Overt displays of distress, such as crying, are less common in cultures that value composure, making this option less likely. **D: Changing position every 2 hours** – This is an expected postoperative nursing intervention to prevent complications like pressure ulcers, not a sign of pain. Pain would more likely cause patients to remain still to avoid exacerbating discomfort rather than moving frequently. The rationale emphasizes that pain assessment in diverse populations requires an understanding of cultural norms. Asian patients may underreport pain due to cultural values, making nonverbal and physiological cues (such as immobility, diaphoresis, and guarded breathing) more reliable indicators than verbal expressions or atypical vital sign changes. Recognizing these subtle signs ensures appropriate pain management and prevents complications.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: A positive guaiac test is used to detect the presence of occult (hidden) blood in the stool, suggesting bleeding from the gastrointestinal tract. It is a rapid screening test that can provide immediate information to the healthcare provider about possible gastrointestinal bleeding in patients presenting with symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and severe abdominal pain.