Identify which substances in the glomerular filtrate would indicate a problem with renal function. (Select all that apply.)

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The presence of protein in the glomerular filtrate would indicate a problem with renal function because normally, the glomerulus filters out waste products like creatinine and electrolytes like sodium, but retains proteins. If proteins are found in the filtrate, it suggests that the filtration barrier of the kidney is compromised, leading to protein leakage. Creatinine is a waste product that should be filtered out, so its presence alone does not indicate a renal issue. Sodium is an electrolyte that is normally filtered out efficiently, and the presence of red blood cells in the filtrate would indicate a problem with the filtration process rather than renal function. Therefore, only choice A (Protein) is a clear indicator of a problem with renal function.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: When isotonic fluid is added to the ECF, the concentration of solutes in the ECF remains the same as the ICF. Thus, there will be no osmotic gradient to drive fluid movement between the ECF and ICF, resulting in no net fluid shift. Option A is incorrect because in an isotonic solution, there is no concentration gradient to drive fluid from ICF to ECF. Option C is incorrect as fluid will not shift from ECF to ICF due to the isotonic nature of the added fluid. Option D is incorrect as adding isotonic fluid does not affect solute movement between the ECF and ICF. Thus, the correct answer is B.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Step 1: The body produces H+ ions through metabolic processes like nutrient breakdown and intermediary metabolism. Step 2: O2 is not a direct source of H+ production in the body. Step 3: O2 is involved in cellular respiration but does not directly generate H+ ions. Step 4: CO2 can indirectly lead to H+ production through carbonic acid formation. Step 5: Therefore, the correct answer is C: O2, as it is not a direct source of H+ production in the body.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Desmopressin acetate (DDAVP). Desmopressin is a synthetic analogue of vasopressin that acts on the kidneys to increase water reabsorption, reducing urine output in diabetes insipidus. This medication helps to concentrate the urine and restore fluid balance in hypovolemic patients. Choice B: Benadryl is an antihistamine with anticholinergic properties and is not indicated for treating diabetes insipidus. Choice C: Calcium gluconate is used to treat calcium deficiencies and has no role in managing diabetes insipidus. Choice D: Prednisone is a corticosteroid used for its anti-inflammatory properties and is not the appropriate treatment for diabetes insipidus. In summary, Desmopressin (DDAVP) is the correct choice as it directly targets the underlying cause of diabetes insipidus by promoting water reabsorption in the

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Muscle weakness, lethargy, and headaches. In hyponatremia, there is a decrease in sodium levels in the blood leading to neurological symptoms. Muscle weakness is common due to altered nerve conduction, lethargy results from brain cell swelling, and headaches can occur due to cerebral edema. These symptoms align with the patient's suspected diagnosis of hyponatremia from excessive water intake. A: High urine specific gravity, tachycardia, and a weak, thready pulse - These symptoms are more indicative of dehydration rather than hyponatremia. B: Low blood pressure, dry mouth, and increased urine osmolality - These symptoms are more characteristic of hypernatremia, not hyponatremia. C: Increased hematocrit and blood urea nitrogen and seizures - These findings are not typical manifestations of hyponatremia.