Identify the gland that secretes cortisol and aldosterone.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: adrenal gland. The adrenal gland secretes cortisol and aldosterone. Cortisol is essential for regulating metabolism, immune response, and stress. Aldosterone helps regulate blood pressure and electrolyte balance. The other choices are incorrect because the thyroid gland (A) secretes hormones like thyroid hormone and calcitonin, the parathyroid gland (B) secretes parathyroid hormone, and the pancreas (C) secretes insulin and glucagon. Only the adrenal gland (D) secretes cortisol and aldosterone, making it the correct answer.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Rationale: Glucagon stimulates the breakdown of glycogen stored in the liver into glucose, increasing blood glucose levels. This process, called glycogenolysis, is crucial during times of low blood sugar to maintain energy levels. Therefore, choice B is correct. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because glucagon does not directly affect protein synthesis within cells, decrease glycogen conversion into glucose, or slow down glucose formation from lactic acid.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Rationale for Correct Answer A: Diabetes Mellitus is a condition where the body cannot properly regulate blood sugar levels due to insufficient insulin production. This leads to increased breakdown of fats for energy, resulting in the production of ketone bodies. Ketone bodies are acidic and are excreted in urine, causing ketonuria. Therefore, the correct answer is A. Summary of Incorrect Choices: B: Ketone bodies do not decrease in urine in Diabetes Mellitus. C: Urine does not become more dilute in Diabetes Mellitus; instead, it may become more concentrated due to increased excretion of glucose and ketone bodies. D: This choice is incorrect as Diabetes Mellitus does affect urine composition by increasing ketone bodies.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for choice C being correct: 1. Oligosaccharidase deficiency impairs breakdown of oligosaccharides in the small intestine. 2. Undigested oligosaccharides draw water into the intestines, causing osmotic diarrhea. 3. This leads to increased fluid content in the stool, resulting in osmotic diarrhea. 4. This process does not involve salivary amylase or lactose intolerance.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Chief cells in the gastric glands of the stomach secrete pepsinogen. Pepsinogen is an inactive precursor of pepsin, which is an enzyme responsible for breaking down proteins. This process aids in the digestion of proteins in the stomach. Chief cells do not secrete HCl (A), which is secreted by parietal cells. Intrinsic factor (C) is secreted by parietal cells and is essential for vitamin B12 absorption, not by chief cells. HCO3- (D) is secreted by the pancreas to neutralize stomach acid in the duodenum, not by chief cells in the stomach.