Identify the function of the sternocleidomastoid muscle.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The sternocleidomastoid, from sternum and clavicle to mastoid, rotates and tilts the head side to side, as in looking over the shoulder. Arm abduction is deltoid's role. Breathing involves diaphragm and intercostals, not this neck muscle. Shoulder shrugging is trapezius. Its head-turning action distinguishes it, vital for neck mobility, unlike arm, respiratory, or shoulder functions.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Muscular dystrophy encompasses genetic disorders like Duchenne, progressively weakening muscles via protein defects, leading to loss of function. Sprains are ligament injuries. Fibromyalgia is pain without degeneration. Tendonitis inflames tendons. Muscular dystrophy's degenerative nature distinguishes it, impacting muscle integrity over time.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The acromion process is a bony projection on the scapula, forming the shoulder's highest point where it articulates with the clavicle at the acromioclavicular joint. This structure stabilizes the shoulder girdle and anchors muscles like the deltoid. The ilium, part of the pelvis, supports hip muscles, not shoulder features. The humerus, the upper arm bone, articulates with the scapula at the glenoid cavity, not bearing the acromion. The ulna, a forearm bone, connects to the humerus distally, unrelated to shoulder anatomy. The scapula's acromion is distinct, critical for shoulder movement and stability, unlike pelvic, arm, or forearm bones, aligning with its role in the musculoskeletal framework.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the immediate energy source for muscle contraction, directly fueling myosin cross-bridge cycling by hydrolyzing to ADP and phosphate, releasing energy to pull actin filaments. Glucose, a fuel, must be metabolized via glycolysis or respiration to produce ATP, not an instant source. ADP, a product of ATP breakdown, needs rephosphorylation to become usable ATP. AMP, further down the energy chain, isn't a primary energy carrier. ATP's ready availability in muscle cells ensures instant contraction energy, distinguishing it from substrates requiring processing or depleted molecules, critical for rapid muscle action.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The origin, a muscle's fixed attachment (e.g., biceps on scapula), moves least during contraction, anchoring the muscle as it pulls the insertion (e.g., radius) toward it. The insertion moves most, effecting motion. Ligaments, stabilizing joints, don't move but stretch minimally. Joints shift position via bone movement, more than the origin. The origin's stability provides leverage, distinguishing it as the least mobile, critical for force transmission, unlike the dynamic insertion, passive ligaments, or pivoting joints in muscle action.