Identify the endocrine gland within the abdominal cavity, near the small intestine.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Pancreas, near the small intestine in the abdomen, secretes insulin/glucagon glucose regulation. Adrenals are above kidneys, not near intestine. Hypothalamus is cranial, not abdominal. Thyroid is cervical, metabolic. Pancreas' abdominal proximity distinguishes it, critical for digestion and metabolism, unlike suprarenal, brain, or neck glands.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Simple goiter (thyroid enlargement) from iodine deficiency is prevented by dietary iodine enables T3/T4 synthesis, avoiding compensatory growth. Antibiotics treat infection, not deficiency. Surgery removes goiter, not prevents. Hormone therapy (e.g., levothyroxine) treats hypothyroidism, not root cause. Iodine addition distinguishes prevention, key to thyroid health, unlike infection, surgical, or replacement approaches.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Adrenal medulla, inner gland portion, is nervously controlled (sympathetic), producing epinephrine/norepinephrine fight-or-flight. Glucose/mineral regulation is adrenal cortex (cortisol, aldosterone), not medulla distinct roles. Medulla's neural-catecholamine function distinguishes it, key to acute stress, unlike cortex's metabolic/electrolyte tasks.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Adrenal cortex hyposecretion (low cortisol/aldosterone) causes Addison's fatigue, low BP, hyperpigmentation from ACTH rise. Diabetes mellitus is pancreatic glucose issue. Cushing's is cortisol excess opposite. Cretinism is neonatal hypothyroidism growth/mental delay. Addison's adrenal failure distinguishes it, key to cortex insufficiency, unlike glucose, excess, or thyroid conditions.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Testosterone isn't controlled by thyroid it's from testes, regulated by pituitary LH/FSH. It grows penis/testes, drives secondary traits (e.g., voice, hair), and can cause baldness (androgenetic). Thyroid controls metabolism (T3/T4), not androgens. Pituitary-testes axis distinguishes testosterone, key to male development, unlike thyroid control error.