Identify the disease in which the person's immune system no longer recognizes its own tissues or organs.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Autoimmune diseases. This is because autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues or organs. In this condition, the immune system fails to recognize self from non-self, leading to inflammation and tissue damage. A: Allergies involve an exaggerated immune response to harmless substances, not attacking self-tissues. B: Immunodeficiencies result in a weakened immune system, making it less effective at fighting infections, not attacking self-tissues. D: Delayed hypersensitivity is a type of immune response that occurs hours to days after exposure to an allergen, not involving the immune system attacking self-tissues. In summary, autoimmune diseases are characterized by the immune system targeting the body's own tissues or organs, distinguishing them from allergies, immunodeficiencies, and delayed hypersensitivity.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT). TdT catalyzes the addition of deoxynucleotides to the 3'OH ends of DNA molecules. It does so by adding nucleotides in a template-independent manner, making it crucial for generating diversity in immune cell receptor genes. A: Phosphohydrolase - This enzyme is not involved in adding deoxynucleotides to DNA ends. B: T4 DNA ligase - This enzyme catalyzes the joining of DNA fragments, not the addition of deoxynucleotides. D: DNA endonuclease - This enzyme cleaves DNA internally, not involved in adding deoxynucleotides to DNA ends.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: DNA ligase. DNA ligase catalyzes the joining of two DNA strands by forming a phosphodiester bond between the 3' hydroxyl of one nucleotide and the 5' phosphate of another. In the given reaction, the enzyme is needed to seal the nick in the DNA strands after the Okazaki fragments have been synthesized during DNA replication. Explanation of other choices: B: DNA endonuclease - Endonucleases cleave the phosphodiester bond within a polynucleotide chain, not join two DNA strands. C: None of the options are correct - This is incorrect as DNA ligase is the correct enzyme for this reaction. D: DNA polymerase 1 - DNA polymerase synthesizes new DNA strands by adding nucleotides to the 3' end of the growing chain, not joining two DNA strands.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the context of pharmacology and the immune system, the correct answer to the question is option D) To follow a balanced and varied diet. This is the best dietary advice to maximize immune function in healthy individuals because a balanced diet provides all the necessary nutrients essential for a robust immune response. A balanced diet ensures that the body receives adequate vitamins, minerals, proteins, and other nutrients necessary for the proper functioning of the immune system. By consuming a variety of foods, individuals can ensure they are getting a wide range of nutrients that support immune function. Option A) To include immune-enhancing formulas is incorrect because relying on supplements or formulas alone may not provide the same benefits as a well-rounded diet. Whole foods contain a complex mix of nutrients that work synergistically to support overall health, including immune function. Option B) To avoid polyunsaturated fatty acids is also not the best advice as certain polyunsaturated fatty acids, like omega-3 fatty acids, are actually beneficial for the immune system. Omega-3 fatty acids have anti-inflammatory properties and play a role in regulating immune responses. Option C) To increase intake of essential fatty acids and omega-3 fatty acids is partially correct as omega-3 fatty acids are indeed beneficial for the immune system. However, solely focusing on one type of nutrient may lead to imbalances in the diet. Educationally, it is important to emphasize to students that a holistic approach to nutrition is key in supporting overall health and immune function. Encouraging a diverse and balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats is fundamental in maintaining a strong immune system.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In assessing a client with an autoimmune disorder, the nurse should look for localized inflammation (Option B) as a key sign. Autoimmune disorders are characterized by the immune system mistakenly attacking the body's own tissues, leading to inflammation in specific areas. Localized inflammation can manifest as joint pain, skin redness, or swelling in affected regions. Option A, hypotension, is less likely to be directly associated with autoimmune disorders. Hypotension is more commonly linked to conditions like dehydration, shock, or heart problems. Option C, hives or rashes, while they can be present in some autoimmune conditions like lupus, are not as specific to all autoimmune disorders. Option D, cramping and vomiting, are more indicative of gastrointestinal issues or food poisoning rather than autoimmune disorders. Educationally, understanding the specific signs and symptoms of autoimmune disorders is crucial for nurses to provide effective care. Recognizing the unique clinical manifestations of autoimmune diseases helps in early detection, management, and ensuring appropriate interventions are implemented promptly to improve patient outcomes. Regular education and training on autoimmune disorders and their varied presentations are essential for healthcare professionals to deliver quality care to individuals with these conditions.