Identify the causative agent of dengue fever.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The causative agent of dengue fever is a virus. Dengue fever is primarily transmitted to humans by the bite of infected Aedes mosquitoes, particularly Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. These mosquitoes act as vectors, carrying and transmitting the dengue virus (specifically four closely related but antigenically different serotypes: DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3, and DEN-4) to humans during the feeding process. The virus then replicates in the human body, causing symptoms of dengue fever. Therefore, the correct answer is D. Virus.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) can be detected in the blood as early as 10 days after the last menstrual period. This hormone is produced by the placenta shortly after the embryo attaches to the uterine lining. Pregnancy tests detect HCG levels to determine pregnancy status, and the hormone can be detected earlier in the blood compared to urine tests. Detecting HCG in the blood at around 10 days post ovulation is often the earliest point when a blood test can confirm pregnancy.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The right to refuse treatment is a fundamental patient right. In this case, the physician ordering medications for the client to take at home without the client's input or agreement could possibly violate the client's right to refuse treatment. It is important for patients to have the autonomy to make decisions regarding their own treatment, especially when they are still weak and symptomatic. Patients should have the opportunity to discuss their treatment plan with their healthcare provider and express any concerns or preferences they may have.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The presentation described is most consistent with a thyroid adenoma. Thyroid adenomas are benign neoplasms of the thyroid gland and can present as painless, gradually enlarging masses in the neck. Fine-needle aspiration cytology revealing thyroid follicular cells further supports the diagnosis of a thyroid adenoma. Thyroglossal duct cysts typically present as midline neck masses that move with swallowing, while lymphadenopathy presents as enlarged lymph nodes and may be associated with infection or malignancy. Thyroid carcinoma may also present as a neck mass but is more likely to be associated with other features such as vocal cord paralysis, hoarseness, or enlarged cervical lymph nodes.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Opsonization refers to the process by which antibodies bind to the surface of pathogens, marking them for destruction by phagocytes or complement proteins. This coating of antibodies enhances the ability of the immune system to recognize and eliminate the pathogens effectively. Phagocytes (such as macrophages and neutrophils) are better able to engulf and digest pathogens that have been opsonized, as the antibodies attached to the pathogen surface signal to the phagocytes that they are foreign invaders. This process is crucial in the body's immune response to infections and helps in clearing pathogens from the system.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The color black is commonly used for general waste or non-recyclable materials, which includes papers and other waste products typically found in an office setting. By designating a black trash bin for the proper disposal of these items, it helps in efficient waste management and ensures that they are disposed of correctly. This color coding system helps individuals easily identify which type of waste goes in which bin, promoting recycling and proper waste segregation practices in the office environment.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The causative agent of dengue fever is a virus. Dengue fever is primarily transmitted to humans by the bite of infected Aedes mosquitoes, particularly Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. These mosquitoes act as vectors, carrying and transmitting the dengue virus (specifically four closely related but antigenically different serotypes: DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3, and DEN-4) to humans during the feeding process. The virus then replicates in the human body, causing symptoms of dengue fever. Therefore, the correct answer is D. Virus.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: When Nurse Maris is estimating the proportion of the population affected by the problem, she is assessing the magnitude of the problem. The magnitude criterion involves determining the extent of the issue within the community, such as the number of individuals affected or at risk. By understanding the magnitude of a health problem, nurses can better prioritize their efforts to address the most pressing issues that affect a large portion of the population. This criterion helps in identifying which health problems have the highest impact and require immediate attention in order to improve community health outcomes.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The patient's presentation of urinary frequency, urgency, dysuria, and suprapubic pain along with the urinalysis findings of pyuria (pus in the urine) and bacteriuria (bacteria in the urine) are highly suggestive of a urinary tract infection (UTI). UTIs are one of the most common types of bacterial infections seen in clinical practice. The symptoms described are classic for a lower urinary tract infection. The presence of pyuria and bacteriuria on urinalysis further supports the diagnosis of a UTI. Acute glomerulonephritis typically presents with hematuria, proteinuria, hypertension, and edema. Chronic kidney disease is often asymptomatic in early stages and presents with symptoms like fatigue, edema, and changes in urination later on. Renal calculi are associated with severe colicky flank pain that can radiate to the groin, and they may present with