Identify the blood components that cannot be filtered by the glomerulus.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Formed elements (RBCs, WBCs, platelets) and plasma proteins (e.g., albumin) can't filter too large for glomerular barrier. Glucose filters reabsorbed later. Salts filter freely small ions. Formed elements/glucose mispairs glucose filters. Proteins/salts mix filterable/non-filterable wrong. Size exclusion distinguishes it, key to filtration selectivity, unlike mixed options.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: ADH decreases urine production inserts aquaporins, reabsorbs water (e.g., concentrated urine). Increased production opposes diuresis. No change ignores ADH false. Dilute misaligns ADH concentrates. Reduced output distinguishes it, critical for osmoregulation, unlike diuresis or neutral effects.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Carbonic acid (H₂CO₃) and bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻) are the key blood buffer e.g., H₂CO₃ ↔ H + HCO₃⁻ (H-H equation). Water alone doesn't buffer neutral. CO₂/HCO₃⁻ lacks acid form partial. HCO₃⁻/water omits dynamic weak. H₂CO₃/HCO₃⁻ pair distinguishes it, critical for pH control, unlike incomplete sets.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Urochrome is urine's yellow pigment bilirubin breakdown (e.g., normal color). Hemoglobin is blood abnormal in urine. Urea is waste colorless. Uroglobin isn't a term false. Urochrome's pigment role distinguishes it, critical for urine appearance, unlike blood, waste, or nonexistent options.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Osmosis moves water not ions into interstitium, diluting osmolality (e.g., passive water flow). Active ion transport (ascending Loop) increases osmolality true. Urea diffusion from ducts adds solutes correct. Na /Cl⁻ transport boosts gradient valid. Osmosis's dilution distinguishes it, key to countercurrent dynamics, unlike solute-adding mechanisms.