Identify the best statement about gerontological nursing.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because gerontological nursing focuses on promoting health and maximizing independence in older adults. This statement aligns with the core principles of gerontological nursing, which emphasize holistic care and quality of life for elderly individuals. Choice A is incorrect because nurses have been involved in caring for older adults for a long time. Choice B is incorrect because gerontological care was not the second specialty certified by the ANA. Choice D is incorrect because ANA certification is not limited only to research positions in gerontological nursing.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Pneumonia. Older adults are more susceptible to pneumonia due to weakened immune systems and underlying health conditions. Pneumonia can lead to severe complications, requiring hospitalization. Osteoarthritis (A) primarily affects joints and does not typically lead to hospitalization. Stroke (B) and heart failure (D) are serious conditions but may not be as common for hospitalization as pneumonia in older adults. Pneumonia's impact on the respiratory system and its ability to progress rapidly make it the most common reason for hospitalization in this population.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Cataracts. Cataracts are the most common type of vision impairment in older adults due to the clouding of the eye's lens. As people age, proteins in the lens can clump together, leading to vision issues. Glaucoma (B) is characterized by damage to the optic nerve, AMD (C) affects the macula in the retina, and diabetic retinopathy (D) is a complication of diabetes affecting blood vessels in the retina. However, cataracts are the primary cause of vision impairment in older adults due to the natural aging process of the eye.

Correct Answer: A, C, D

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale: 1. Reduced sense of self: Ageist language can contribute to older adults feeling devalued and less confident. 2. Lowered sense of self-competence: Negative language can impact self-esteem and belief in one's abilities. 3. Decreased memory performance: Ageist language can reinforce negative stereotypes, leading to self-doubt and cognitive decline. Summary of incorrect choices: B: Poor nutritional intake - Not directly related to consequences of ageism in language. Incorrect choices do not address the psychological and emotional impacts of ageist language on older adults.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because reviewing a menu with the older man allows for personalized food selection, taking into account his preferences and dietary restrictions. This approach promotes adherence to a healthy eating plan, leading to better cholesterol management and overall wellness. Choice A is not the best option as simply instructing him to increase dietary fiber may not address his specific dietary needs. Choice B suggests asking the health care provider for a low-fat diet, which may not consider the individual's food preferences or cultural background. Choice C of scheduling a consultation with a dietitian is a good option, but it may not be as immediately accessible or practical as reviewing a menu together with the individual.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because social isolation is not directly related to decreased tactile sensations. A, C, and D are consequences of decreased tactile sensations in older individuals. A can occur due to not feeling the temperature, C due to not feeling pressure and injury, and D due to decreased sensation causing falls. Social isolation is more related to emotional or psychological factors rather than physical sensations. It is crucial to differentiate between physical consequences and social consequences when considering the effects of decreased tactile sensations in older individuals.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Certainly! Regular strength training exercises are crucial for improving strength and overall function in older adults with frailty. Strength training helps build muscle mass, improve balance, and increase mobility, leading to enhanced functional abilities. It also helps prevent falls and maintain independence. High-protein diet (A) supports muscle health but alone is not sufficient. Medication management (B) is important but not the primary factor for physical function. Limiting physical activity (D) can worsen frailty by causing deconditioning and loss of muscle strength.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Infection. Older adults with diabetes are more vulnerable to infections due to weakened immune systems caused by high blood sugar levels. Infections can lead to severe complications and hospitalization. Stroke (A) is a common complication of diabetes but not the most common cause of hospitalization. Hypoglycemia (B) and diabetic ketoacidosis (C) are acute complications of diabetes but are less common causes of hospitalization compared to infections.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D. Ingesting excessive acetaminophen can lead to liver damage, not renal failure. Diabetes mellitus, prostate hypertrophy causing urinary obstruction, and heart failure are known to cause renal failure due to their effects on kidney function. Diabetic nephropathy can damage the kidneys over time, prostate hypertrophy can obstruct urine flow and lead to kidney damage, and heart failure can result in decreased blood flow to the kidneys, causing renal failure. Thus, D is the correct answer as it does not directly cause renal failure, unlike the other choices.