Identify funding sources of U.S. healthcare finance

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because it includes all possible funding sources for U.S. healthcare finance. Private insurance and government programs are major sources. Personal savings and employer contributions also play a role. Federal subsidies and local taxes provide additional funding. Therefore, D encompasses all primary funding sources, making it the correct choice. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they do not cover all the diverse funding sources in U.S. healthcare finance.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because the Affordable Care Act (ACA) expands the role of pharmacists in disease management and medication therapy management. This is achieved through provisions that promote team-based care, medication therapy management services, and collaborative practice agreements. Pharmacists are now able to provide more comprehensive care, leading to improved patient outcomes. Choice A is incorrect because the ACA aims to improve patient access to healthcare, not specifically medication therapies. Choice B is incorrect as the ACA focuses on increasing access to care rather than increasing prescription drug regulations or affecting pharmacy reimbursements. Choice D is incorrect as the ACA aims to improve access to medications and healthcare services, not reduce access or impose stricter medication regulations.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Assessment, policy development, assurance. Public health professionals require these core competencies to effectively assess community health needs, develop evidence-based policies, and ensure the delivery of essential health services. Research skills and program management (Choice A) are important but not specific to public health. Marketing skills and financial management (Choice C) may be useful but are not core competencies. Clinical expertise and patient care knowledge (Choice D) are more relevant to individual healthcare providers, not public health professionals.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: All of the above. The ACA is a comprehensive law that includes multiple provisions aimed at reshaping the healthcare sector. A: A reform in payment methodologies such as bundled payments, medical homes, and accountable care organizations is a major provision of the ACA. These payment reforms aim to incentivize providers to deliver high-quality care efficiently. B: Reducing Medicare spending through penalties for readmission rates, payment reductions, quality improvement incentives, and the establishment of an advisory review board is another key provision. This helps control costs and improve the quality of care. C: Expanding insurance coverage through regulations, subsidies, and the creation of insurance marketplaces is also a major focus of the ACA. This provision aims to increase access to healthcare for millions of Americans. Therefore, all of the choices are major provisions of the ACA focused on reshaping the healthcare sector.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Risk and uncertainty. This is because risk and uncertainty in healthcare can lead to financial instability, affect patient outcomes, and impact decision-making processes. Risk management and mitigation are crucial in ensuring the sustainability and quality of healthcare services. A: For-profit versus not-for-profit tax and operating statuses - While important, this challenge does not have as significant of an impact on the healthcare industry overall compared to risk and uncertainty. B: Advancements in technology and institutional changes - While these advancements are significant, they are not the most impactful challenge facing the healthcare industry today. D: Insurance - While insurance plays a critical role in healthcare, it is not the most significant challenge compared to risk and uncertainty.