Identify and define the five stages of change addressed in motivational interviewing.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Precontemplation: denial of problem; goal is to create awareness of the problem. In motivational interviewing, the first stage is Precontemplation, where the individual is unaware or in denial of the problem. The goal is to help them recognize the issue and increase awareness. Choice B (Contemplation) is incorrect because it comes after Precontemplation and involves recognizing the need to change, not denial. Choice C (Determination) is incorrect as it follows Contemplation and involves planning and committing to action. Choice D (Action) is incorrect as it is the stage where the individual applies the change, which comes after Determination.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). SSRIs block the reuptake of serotonin at the presynaptic membrane, leading to increased availability of serotonin in the synaptic cleft. This helps alleviate symptoms of depression and anxiety. Choice B, Polyuria, is a symptom related to excessive urination and is not a class of medication. Choice C, Carbamazepine, is an anticonvulsant and mood stabilizer that works by different mechanisms, not by increasing serotonin availability. Choice D, Lithium, is also a mood stabilizer primarily used in bipolar disorder and does not directly increase serotonin levels.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Urinary retention. Elavil, a tricyclic antidepressant, can cause anticholinergic effects leading to urinary retention, which can be a serious side effect requiring immediate intervention to prevent complications like urinary retention, necessitating prompt medical attention to prevent potential complications such as bladder distention or urinary retention-induced kidney damage. A: Orthostatic hypotension - While Elavil can cause orthostatic hypotension, it is not typically considered a serious side effect that requires immediate intervention. C: ECG changes - Elavil can cause ECG changes, but they may not always necessitate immediate intervention. D: Sedation - Sedation is a common side effect of Elavil but is not typically considered a serious side effect requiring immediate intervention.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Divalproex (Depakote). Jaundice is a condition characterized by yellowing of the skin and eyes due to liver dysfunction. Divalproex is metabolized in the liver, and in patients with jaundice, liver function may be compromised, leading to potential toxicity. Therefore, holding Divalproex for a patient with jaundice is essential to prevent further liver damage. A: Valium is primarily metabolized in the liver, but it is generally safe to use in patients with mild to moderate liver impairment. C: Lithium is primarily cleared through the kidneys, so liver dysfunction would not directly impact its clearance. D: Verapamil is also primarily metabolized in the liver, but it is not contraindicated in patients with jaundice unless there is severe liver impairment.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Failed to generate a rationale of 500+ characters after 5 retries.