Identify an endocrine gland within the brain.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Pituitary gland, in the brain's sella turcica, secretes hormones (e.g., GH, TSH) master gland. Adrenals sit atop kidneys, not brain. Pancreas is abdominal, glucose-focused. Parathyroids are neck-based, calcium regulators. Pituitary's intracranial location distinguishes it, critical for endocrine control, unlike external glands.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Thyroid gland uses iodine to synthesize T3/T4 from thyroglobulin metabolic hormones. Adrenal cortex (cortisol) uses cholesterol, no iodine. Pancreas (insulin) needs amino acids. Parathyroids (PTH) regulate calcium, no iodine. Iodine's thyroid necessity distinguishes it, critical for hormone synthesis, unlike steroid, peptide, or calcium glands.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: PTH doesn't decrease blood calcium it raises it via bone release, kidney reabsorption, and vitamin D activation (1,25-DHC) all increase Ca²⁺. Decreasing calcium is calcitonin's role, not PTH opposite action. PTH's consistent elevation distinguishes it, critical for hypocalcemia correction, unlike erroneous lowering claim.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Cortisol, a glucocorticoid, is produced by adrenal cortex's zona fasciculata stress/metabolism regulation. Medulla makes epinephrine, not steroids. Anterior pituitary releases ACTH, stimulating cortisol, not producing. Pancreas secretes insulin/glucagon glucose focus. Cortex's steroid synthesis distinguishes it, critical for cortisol's role, unlike neural, regulatory, or metabolic glands.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Glycosuria means excessive sugar in urine glucose spills over renal threshold in diabetes mellitus, correct match. Polyuria is excessive urine (not thirst polydipsia). Polyphagia is excessive hunger (not ketones ketonuria). Polydipsia is thirst (not urine). Glycosuria's sugar-urine link distinguishes it, key to hyperglycemia's renal effect, unlike mismatched symptoms.