Ideally, all children should be subjected to routine screening for autistic spectrum disorders (in USA) at age of

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Routine screening for autistic spectrum disorders is an essential component of pediatric healthcare to ensure early detection and intervention. The correct answer, option C - 18 and 24 months, aligns with the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommendation for autism screening at 18 and 24 months of age. This timing is crucial because early identification of autism allows for prompt intervention and support, which can significantly improve outcomes for children with autism. Option A, screening at 6 and 12 months, is too early for accurate detection of autism as symptoms may not be fully developed or apparent at such a young age. Option B, screening at 12 and 18 months, misses the critical window recommended by the AAP for early detection. Option D, screening at 24 and 30 months, delays the screening process, potentially missing opportunities for early intervention and support. In an educational context, it is important for healthcare professionals working in pediatric settings to be aware of the recommended screening guidelines for autism. By understanding the rationale behind the timing of these screenings, healthcare providers can advocate for and implement early screening practices that benefit the children under their care. Regular updates on screening guidelines and best practices are essential for healthcare professionals to provide quality care to pediatric patients.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding the risk factors affecting premature infants' academic performance is crucial for providing optimal care and support. In this question, the correct answer is C) antenatal exposure to magnesium sulfate. The rationale for C being the correct answer lies in the fact that antenatal exposure to magnesium sulfate is actually a neuroprotective intervention used to reduce the risk of cerebral palsy in preterm infants. Therefore, it would not pose a risk for poor academic performance. Birthweight below 750 g (option A) is a significant risk factor for poor academic performance in premature infants due to associated complications such as respiratory distress syndrome, intraventricular hemorrhage, and developmental delays. Periventricular leukomalacia (option B) is a condition characterized by damage to the white matter of the brain, commonly seen in premature infants, which can lead to motor and cognitive impairments affecting academic performance. Posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus (option D) is a complication of intraventricular hemorrhage, which can result in increased intracranial pressure and cognitive deficits, impacting academic performance. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of recognizing risk factors affecting premature infants' academic outcomes and the impact of various neonatal complications on long-term development. Nurses must be aware of these factors to provide comprehensive care and support to premature infants and their families.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding the risk factors for respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is crucial for providing effective care to neonates. The correct answer, option A, "prolonged rupture of membranes," is not a direct risk factor for RDS. Rupture of membranes can lead to infection, which is a risk factor, but the rupture itself does not directly increase the risk of RDS. Option B, "maternal diabetes," is a known risk factor for RDS as poorly controlled maternal diabetes can lead to fetal lung immaturity. Option C, "multiple births," increases the risk of RDS due to the higher likelihood of premature birth in multiple pregnancies. Option D, "cold stress," can also contribute to RDS by causing vasoconstriction and increased respiratory effort in neonates. Educationally, understanding the risk factors for RDS helps nurses in identifying high-risk neonates, implementing preventive measures, and providing appropriate interventions promptly. This knowledge is essential in pediatric nursing practice to ensure the best outcomes for infants at risk for respiratory distress syndrome.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the treatment of broncho-pulmonary dysplasia (BPD), methylxanthines such as caffeine are commonly used due to their respiratory stimulant effects. The correct answer, option D, states that methylxanthines do not increase pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR). This is accurate because methylxanthines actually have a vasodilatory effect on the pulmonary vasculature, reducing PVR. Option A, increasing respiratory drive, is a known effect of methylxanthines. They stimulate the central nervous system, leading to an increase in respiratory rate and depth. Option B, decreasing apnea, is also a well-documented effect of methylxanthines as they help in reducing the incidence of apnea of prematurity in infants. Option C, improving diaphragmatic contractility, is not directly related to the effects of methylxanthines. While these medications primarily work by stimulating the respiratory centers in the brain, they do not have a direct effect on diaphragmatic contractility. In an educational context, understanding the effects of medications used in the treatment of respiratory conditions such as BPD is crucial for pediatric nurses. It allows for safe and effective administration of these drugs, as well as monitoring for both therapeutic effects and potential adverse reactions. This knowledge helps nurses provide comprehensive care to pediatric patients with respiratory issues and ensures optimal outcomes for these vulnerable populations.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the context of pediatric nursing, understanding the risk factors associated with significant jaundice is crucial for providing safe and effective care to newborns. In this question, the correct answer is B) male gender. Male gender is not a protective factor against significant jaundice. In fact, male infants are at a higher risk for developing jaundice compared to female infants due to differences in liver function and metabolism of bilirubin. Option A) gestational age ≥41 weeks is associated with decreased risk of significant jaundice as full-term infants have a more mature liver function, which helps in processing bilirubin effectively. Option C) exclusive bottle-feeding is a risk factor for significant jaundice as breastfed infants are less likely to develop jaundice due to the composition of breast milk and better feeding practices. Option D) discharge from the hospital after 72 hours is associated with decreased risk of significant jaundice as it allows for proper monitoring of bilirubin levels and ensures timely intervention if needed before discharge. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of recognizing risk factors for significant jaundice in newborns and emphasizes the need for comprehensive assessment and management strategies to prevent adverse outcomes related to jaundice. Nurses must be able to identify these risk factors and provide appropriate care and education to parents to promote the health and well-being of newborns.