Hypovitaminosis is an insufficiency of one or more essential vitamins. This consideration is:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why choice A is correct: 1. Hypovitaminosis is defined as an insufficient level of essential vitamins in the body. 2. Therefore, it is true that hypovitaminosis represents an inadequacy of one or more essential vitamins. 3. This condition can lead to various health issues due to the deficiency of vital nutrients. 4. Choice B is incorrect as it contradicts the definition of hypovitaminosis. 5. Choices C and D are also incorrect as they do not accurately reflect the definition of hypovitaminosis.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Correct Answer: A: Cholestyramine (Questran) Rationale: Cholestyramine is a bile acid sequestrant that indirectly stimulates VLDL synthesis by interrupting enterohepatic circulation. It binds bile acids in the intestine, leading to increased hepatic cholesterol conversion to bile acids. This triggers compensatory upregulation of hepatic LDL and VLDL synthesis. Summary of other choices: B: Lovastatin (Mevacor) - Inhibits HMG-CoA reductase, reducing cholesterol synthesis. C: Gemfibrozil (Lopid) - Increases lipoprotein lipase activity, reducing VLDL levels. D: Probucol (Lorelco) - Reduces VLDL synthesis by inhibiting cholesterol ester transfer protein.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because alendronate is a second-generation bisphosphonate, not a first-generation one. Alendronate is known to be more potent than EHDP and has a wider therapeutic window. Option A is incorrect as alendronate can cause irritation to the esophagus if not taken correctly. Option C is correct as alendronate reduces osteoclast activity without significantly affecting osteoblasts, making it useful in treating Paget's disease.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Loop diuretics inhibit the Na/K/2Cl cotransporter in the thick ascending loop of Henle, while thiazide diuretics act on the NaCl cotransporter in the distal convoluted tubule. Therefore, the correct answer is B. Loop diuretics (A) work differently by targeting a different transporter. Potassium-sparing diuretics (C) inhibit sodium channels in the collecting duct and distal nephron, not the NaCl cotransporter. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (D) act on the enzyme carbonic anhydrase in the proximal convoluted tubule and not directly on the NaCl cotransporter.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Carbapenems are broad-spectrum antibiotics that are effective against a wide range of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms due to their strong activity against various types of bacteria. Option A is incorrect because carbapenems are not limited to only Gram-positive microorganisms. Option B is incorrect as they are effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms. Option C is incorrect as carbapenems are not exclusively for bacteroide infections. The correct answer, Option D, is supported by the fact that carbapenems have a broad spectrum of activity against a wide range of bacteria.