Hypothalamic and pituitary hormones (and their synthetic analogs) have pharmacologic applications in three areas EXCEPT the following:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: As food supplements. Hypothalamic and pituitary hormones are not used as food supplements because they are potent molecules with specific regulatory functions in the body. Step 1: Replacement therapy (Choice A) involves providing hormones to individuals with hormone deficiency states to restore normal physiologic levels. This is a common pharmacologic application of these hormones. Step 2: Drug therapy (Choice B) involves using synthetic analogs of these hormones at pharmacologic doses to treat various disorders by eliciting specific hormonal effects that may not occur at physiologic levels. Step 3: Diagnostic tool (Choice C) involves using these hormones in stimulation tests to assess the functioning of the endocrine system by observing the response to hormonal stimulation. In summary, choices A, B, and C all represent valid pharmacologic applications of hypothalamic and pituitary hormones, while choice D (food supplements) is the exception as these hormones are not meant to be consumed as dietary

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C (Antipyretic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory) for NSAIDs. NSAIDs primarily work by inhibiting COX enzymes, reducing inflammation, pain, and fever. A is incorrect because not all NSAIDs have antihistaminic properties. B is incorrect because NSAIDs are not typically immunodepressive. D is incorrect because antihistaminic properties are not common in NSAIDs. In summary, the unique combination of antipyretic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory properties is peculiar to the majority of NSAIDs.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. Cyclosporine A is indicated for the treatment of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome due to its immunosuppressive properties that help reduce proteinuria and preserve renal function. In contrast, choices A, B, and C are incorrect because cyclosporine A is not typically used for secondary immunodeficiency, hairy cell leukemia, or primary immunodeficiency. These conditions require different treatment approaches not involving cyclosporine A.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A. Pellagra is caused by a deficiency of niacin, leading to symptoms like skin eruptions, digestive and nervous system disturbances, and mental deterioration. Choice B refers to beriberi, caused by thiamin deficiency. Option C describes pernicious anemia, caused by a lack of vitamin B12. Option D is incorrect as it includes all the above conditions, which is not the case. Overall, the key points to remember are the specific symptoms of pellagra and the deficiency of niacin as the cause.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because bile acid-binding resins, such as cholestyramine, can actually slow the progression of atherosclerotic lesions when used alone. These resins work by binding bile acids in the intestine, leading to increased bile acid excretion, which in turn results in increased LDL receptor expression on hepatocytes. This promotes the clearance of LDL from the bloodstream, thus reducing total cholesterol and LDL levels (Choice A). Bile acid-binding resins are not contraindicated in hypertriglyceridemia; in fact, they can be beneficial in reducing triglyceride levels. Lastly, while they are effective in type II hyperlipidemia, they are not always the first-line agents of choice and are often used in combination with other lipid-lowering drugs (Choice D).