Hypocapnia refers to:

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Hypocapnia refers to low levels of carbon dioxide in the blood. This can result from hyperventilation, leading to excessive elimination of CO2. Choice A (Low oxygen) is incorrect because hypocapnia is not related to oxygen levels. Choice B (Low hemoglobin) is incorrect as hypocapnia is not specifically related to hemoglobin levels. Choice D (blank) is obviously incorrect as it provides no information.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Hydronephrosis. Outlet obstruction can lead to a buildup of urine in the kidney, causing distention and pressure on the renal pelvis and calyces, resulting in hydronephrosis. This can lead to complications such as renal impairment and infection. Summary of incorrect choices: B: Nephritic syndrome is a condition characterized by inflammation of the glomeruli in the kidney, not directly related to outlet obstruction. C: Pyelonephritis is a bacterial infection of the kidneys and usually results from ascending urinary tract infections, not outlet obstruction. D: Using a slipper bedpan is not related to the physiological consequences of outlet obstruction.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because pain management is crucial in the postoperative period to ensure the patient's comfort and promote recovery. With an ileal conduit, the patient may experience discomfort due to the surgical procedure and the stoma site. Proper pain management will help the patient mobilize, breathe deeply, and participate in activities that aid recovery. Choice B is incorrect as it focuses on assisting with stone aspiration, which is not relevant to the scenario provided. Choices C and D are incomplete, making them invalid options.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because a blood pressure of 98/52 mm Hg indicates hypotension, which is a common sign of deficient fluid volume in patients with renal disorders. This indicates the need for immediate intervention to prevent complications such as hypovolemic shock. Choice A is incorrect because biopsies are not routinely ordered for all patients with renal diagnoses of deficient fluid volume. Choice C is incorrect because abnormal x-ray findings of the renal pelvis do not necessarily indicate the need for a biopsy. Choice D is incorrect because biopsies are not often ordered for patients before they have symptoms or diagnostic indications of renal disorders.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Rationale: A. The correct answer is A because kidney problems can lead to decreased excretion of waste products like blood urea nitrogen (BUN), causing its levels to increase in the blood. This can result in gastrointestinal disturbances. B. Choice B is incorrect because kidney problems are more likely to cause hyperkalemia (high potassium levels) rather than hypokalemia (low potassium levels). C. Choice C is incomplete and does not provide a relevant explanation. D. Choice D is irrelevant as the proximity of the right kidney to other organs does not explain the relationship between kidney problems and BUN levels.