Hypnotic drugs are used to treat:

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Sleep disorders. Hypnotic drugs are primarily used to treat sleep disorders by promoting sleep or helping to manage insomnia. They act on the central nervous system to induce and maintain sleep. Psychosis (A) is typically treated with antipsychotic medications, narcolepsy (C) is treated with stimulant medications, and Parkinsonian disorders (D) are managed with medications that target dopamine levels in the brain. Therefore, the correct choice is B as it aligns with the pharmacological action and intended therapeutic effect of hypnotic drugs.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Certainly! Benztropine is preferred in drug-induced parkinsonism as it acts as an anticholinergic agent, counteracting excess acetylcholine caused by certain drugs. Levodopa (A) and dopamine (D) are not effective as they can worsen symptoms. Bromocriptine (B) is a dopamine agonist used in idiopathic Parkinson's disease, not drug-induced parkinsonism.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Therapeutic doses of opioid analgesics do not affect body temperature. Opioid analgesics primarily act on the central nervous system to provide pain relief, without directly impacting body temperature regulation. Choices A and B are incorrect as opioid analgesics do not have a significant impact on altering body temperature. Choice C is incorrect as opioid analgesics do not affect body heat loss mechanisms. Thus, the correct answer is D because opioid analgesics do not have a direct effect on body temperature regulation.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Amitriptyline. Amitriptyline is a tricyclic antidepressant that is commonly used for both depression and chronic pain conditions due to its analgesic properties. It works by increasing the levels of certain neurotransmitters in the brain, such as serotonin and norepinephrine, which can help alleviate both mood symptoms and pain. Choice A (Fluoxetine) is an SSRI antidepressant that does not have significant analgesic properties. Choice B (Moclobemide) is a reversible MAOI antidepressant that also lacks analgesic effects. Choice C (Tranylcypramine) is an irreversible MAOI antidepressant and does not have analgesic activity. In summary, amitriptyline is the correct answer because it is an antidepressant with proven analgesic effects, while the other choices do not possess these dual properties.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because depression is a complex condition involving various neurotransmitters. Dopamine, serotonin, and acetylcholine play key roles in regulating mood and emotions. Dysfunction in any of these synapses can contribute to depressive symptoms. Therefore, all the options (A, B, and C) are involved in depression. Dopaminergic synapses are linked to motivation and pleasure, serotoninergic synapses are associated with mood regulation, and cholinergic synapses are involved in cognitive function and memory. Therefore, it is crucial to consider the interplay of all these neurotransmitters in understanding and treating depression.