Hypnotic benzodiazepines can cause:

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because hypnotic benzodiazepines are known to decrease both REM and slow wave sleep in a dose-dependent manner. This is due to their ability to suppress rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and slow wave sleep stages. Benzodiazepines have a sedative effect on the central nervous system, leading to a reduction in overall sleep quality and disruption of normal sleep architecture. Choice A is incorrect because benzodiazepines do not increase REM or slow wave sleep. Choice B is incorrect because benzodiazepines do alter sleep patterns. Choice D is incorrect as it states an increase in REM sleep, which is not true for benzodiazepines.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Nonadrenergic. Neurons in the locus ceruleus and lateral tegmental area are mainly noradrenergic, which means they release norepinephrine. Nonadrenergic neurons do not release norepinephrine, making them distinct from the neurons in these areas. Therefore, options A, B, and D are incorrect because dopamine, serotonin, and GABA are not typically associated with these specific brain regions.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Paracetamol. Paracetamol is a non-narcotic drug that belongs to the paraaminophenol derivative class. It is commonly used for pain relief and fever reduction. Analgin (A) is a narcotic drug and should be avoided due to safety concerns. Aspirin (B) is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), not a paraaminophenol derivative. Baclofen (C) is a muscle relaxant and not a paraaminophenol derivative. Therefore, the correct choice is D as it is the only non-narcotic drug that fits the given criteria.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: All of the above. Lithium has a multifaceted mode of action. 1. Lithium affects electrolytes and ion transport by altering sodium and potassium levels. 2. It influences neurotransmitters like serotonin and norepinephrine. 3. It also modulates second messenger systems like the inositol pathway. Therefore, choice D is correct as lithium impacts all these pathways. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because they individually represent only a part of lithium's overall mode of action.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale: 1. Pantocrin is a general tone-increasing drug. 2. Pantocrin is derived from animal sources. 3. It is known to have stimulating effects. 4. As an agent of animal origin, Pantocrin fits the criteria. Summary: B: Amphetamine is a synthetic drug, not of animal origin. C: Sydnocarb is a synthetic drug, not of animal origin. D: Camphor is a natural substance but not a general tone-increasing drug.