Hypertriglyceridemia denotes high blood levels of triglycerides. It has been associated with atherosclerosis, even in the absence of hypercholesterolemia (high cholesterol levels). This consideration is:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: TRUE. Hypertriglyceridemia is indeed associated with atherosclerosis, even without high cholesterol levels. Triglycerides play a role in the development of atherosclerosis by contributing to the formation of plaque in the arteries. High levels of triglycerides can lead to inflammation and damage to the arterial walls, promoting the development of atherosclerosis. Therefore, the statement is true. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because they do not accurately reflect the relationship between hypertriglyceridemia and atherosclerosis as described in the question stem.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale: 1. Calcium administration is indicated in malabsorption of vitamin D because vitamin D is necessary for calcium absorption in the intestine. 2. Malabsorption of vitamin D leads to decreased calcium absorption, which can result in calcium deficiency. 3. Administering calcium can help compensate for the decreased absorption of calcium due to vitamin D malabsorption. Summary: - Option A is incorrect as the formation of vitamin D in the skin is not directly related to calcium administration. - Option C is incorrect as hypercalcemia of malignancy indicates excess calcium, not a need for calcium administration. - Option D is incorrect as it mentions the deficiency of vitamin D, not the malabsorption of vitamin D, which is the indication for calcium administration.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Ascending thick limb of the loop of Henle. Furosemide inhibits the Na+/K+/2Cl- symporter in this nephron segment, leading to decreased reabsorption of sodium, chloride, and water. This mechanism of action results in increased diuresis. The other choices (A, C, D) represent different nephron segments where Furosemide does not primarily act. In the proximal convoluted tubule (A), it mainly inhibits the Na+/K+/2Cl- symporter, and in the distal convoluted tubule (C) and collecting duct (D), it has minimal impact on sodium reabsorption.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why answer D is correct: 1. Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic known to inhibit cell wall synthesis. 2. It is effective against Gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus and Streptococcus. 3. Vancomycin is not active against Gram-negative bacteria due to differences in cell wall structure. 4. Options A, B, and C are incorrect as they provide inaccurate information about vancomycin's characteristics.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Certainly! Chloroquine is the correct answer for malaria chemoprophylaxis and treatment because it is effective against Plasmodium species. It acts by accumulating in the parasite's food vacuole, interfering with heme polymerization. This prevents the parasite from utilizing hemoglobin and ultimately leads to its death. Quinidine and quinine are primarily used for severe malaria treatment. Sulfonamides are not commonly used for malaria treatment due to resistance issues and their limited efficacy against Plasmodium species.