Hypersecretion of cortisol leads to:

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why choice B is correct: 1. Hypersecretion of cortisol is a hallmark of Cushing's syndrome. 2. Excessive cortisol levels can lead to symptoms like weight gain, high blood pressure, and muscle weakness. 3. Cushing's syndrome is characterized by an overactive adrenal gland producing too much cortisol. 4. Addison's disease (choice A) is caused by adrenal insufficiency, leading to low cortisol levels. 5. Acromegaly (choice C) is a growth hormone disorder, not related to cortisol. 6. Dwarfism (choice D) is typically due to growth hormone deficiency, not cortisol excess. Summary: Choice B is correct because hypersecretion of cortisol is specifically associated with Cushing's syndrome, causing a range of symptoms related to excess cortisol production. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect as they are not directly related to cortisol hypersecretion.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because the endocrine system releases hormones into the bloodstream, allowing them to reach all parts of the body simultaneously and produce widespread responses. In contrast, the nervous system sends signals through nerve cells, which can only target a small number of specific cells. This difference in distribution and reach of signals is a key distinction between the endocrine and nervous systems. Choice A is incorrect because a single hormone can indeed target multiple responses in different parts of the body, similar to how a nerve signal can affect multiple cells along its path. Choice C is incorrect as nerve cells and the endocrine system can interact and influence each other's functions, such as in the case of stress response involving both systems. Choice D is incorrect because endocrine hormones can have broad effects on various organs and tissues, not limited to a small number of precise responses.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale: 1. Dopamine and homovanillic acid are neurotransmitters. 2. Neuroblastoma is a type of cancer that originates in neuroblasts, which are immature nerve cells. 3. Neuroblastoma can produce neurotransmitters like dopamine and homovanillic acid. 4. Therefore, dopamine and homovanillic acid are secreted in neuroblastoma. Summary: - Choice A is correct as neuroblastoma can secrete dopamine and homovanillic acid. - Choices B and C are incorrect as they are unrelated to the secretion of these neurotransmitters.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C, glucagon and epinephrine. Glucagon stimulates the liver to release glucose into the bloodstream, increasing blood sugar levels. Epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, has a similar effect by promoting the breakdown of glycogen into glucose. Insulin (choice A) decreases blood sugar by promoting glucose uptake into cells. Growth hormone (choice B) mainly affects growth and metabolism but doesn't directly increase blood sugar. Antidiuretic hormone (choice D) regulates water balance and has no direct effect on blood sugar levels.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Estrogens and progesterone are primarily produced by the ovaries in females. The ovaries are the main reproductive organs responsible for the production of these hormones, essential for menstrual cycle regulation and pregnancy support. The correct answer is B because the ovaries are the key glands that synthesize and release estrogen and progesterone. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because the testes primarily produce testosterone, the adrenal glands produce cortisol and adrenaline, and the hypothalamus is a brain region involved in hormone regulation, not hormone production.