Hypernatremia is associated with a:

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Hypernatremia is defined as an elevated serum sodium level above 145mEq/L. In this case, a serum sodium level of 150mEq/L indicates hypernatremia. The other options, serum osmolality of 245mOsm/kg and urine specific gravity below 1.003, are not specific criteria for the diagnosis of hypernatremia. The primary marker used for diagnosing hypernatremia is an elevated serum sodium level.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: An adequate respiratory condition can be indicated by a normal respiratory rate. The normal adult respiratory rate typically ranges from 12 to 20 breaths per minute. In this case, if James' respiratory rate is 18, it falls within the normal range and would suggest that his respiratory condition is adequate. Oxygen saturation levels and the presence of blood suction or secretions are important factors to consider as well, but directly assessing the respiratory rate provides a more immediate indication of respiratory status.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: For a weak patient with osteoporosis, it is important to promote mobility and weight-bearing activities to help maintain bone strength and prevent further bone loss. Ambulating with assistance can help improve muscle strength and balance, reducing the risk of falls and fractures. Maintaining bedrest can lead to further weakness and bone loss, so it is not the most appropriate action in this case. Encouraging fluids and providing a high-protein diet are important for overall health and healing but might not directly address the specific needs of a weak patient with osteoporosis.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In pediatric emergency nursing, comfort management is crucial when caring for a patient with sinusitis. The correct answer, option B (1, 3, 4, and 5), includes recommendations that address different aspects of comfort. 1. Coughing and deep breathing help mobilize secretions and improve ventilation, reducing discomfort. 3. Hot moist packs can provide soothing relief to the sinuses, reducing pain and inflammation. 4. Room humidifier helps maintain optimal humidity levels, preventing mucous membranes from drying out. 5. Percussion and postural drainage assist in clearing secretions, promoting airway clearance and comfort. Options A, C, and D contain incorrect recommendations that do not directly address comfort in sinusitis: - Option A lacks hot moist packs (iii) which can offer relief. - Option C does not include coughing and deep breathing (i) or room humidifier (iv) which are beneficial for comfort. - Option D does not include coughing and deep breathing (i) and hot moist packs (iii) which are important for managing sinusitis discomfort. By choosing option B, the nurse can implement a comprehensive approach to enhance the patient's comfort during sinusitis, promoting effective care and improved outcomes in pediatric emergency nursing.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The best explanation of emphysema for a newly diagnosed patient is that "Your lungs have lost some of their elasticity, and air gets trapped." This explanation succinctly captures the key characteristic of emphysema, which is the destruction of the alveoli in the lungs leading to the loss of elasticity. When the alveoli lose their elasticity, they are not able to effectively expel air during exhalation, causing air to become trapped in the lungs. This trapped air leads to difficulty breathing, shortness of breath, and other respiratory symptoms commonly associated with emphysema. This explanation is clear and focuses on the primary pathology of emphysema, making it the most appropriate choice for a newly diagnosed patient to understand their condition.