Hyperinflation with bilateral interstitial infiltrates and peri-bronchial cuffing are radiographic manifestations of:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A) Viral pneumonia. Hyperinflation with bilateral interstitial infiltrates and peri-bronchial cuffing are classic radiographic findings in viral pneumonia. Viral pneumonia is commonly associated with these radiographic manifestations due to the inflammatory response in the lungs leading to hyperinflation and interstitial infiltrates. The peri-bronchial cuffing seen is a result of inflammation and edema around the bronchial walls. Option B) Typical bacterial pneumonia usually presents with lobar consolidation rather than interstitial infiltrates and hyperinflation. Option C) Parasitic pneumonia is rare and typically presents with a different pattern on radiographic imaging. Option D) Fungal pneumonia often presents with nodular opacities or cavitations on imaging, rather than the described findings. Understanding the radiographic manifestations of different types of pneumonia is crucial for nurses caring for pediatric patients. Recognizing these patterns can aid in prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment, ultimately improving patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Acyclovir is indicated for the treatment of herpes simplex infections. This antiviral medication works by inhibiting the replication of the virus, specifically herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2. It is commonly used to treat oral and genital herpes infections in pediatric patients. Option A is correct because acyclovir is specifically designed to target herpes simplex viruses, making it an effective treatment for these infections. Options B, C, and D are incorrect because acyclovir is not indicated for the treatment of enteroviruses, mumps, or measles. Enteroviruses are a different family of viruses that require different treatment approaches. Mumps and measles are viral infections caused by different pathogens, and acyclovir is not effective against these viruses. In an educational context, understanding the appropriate use of medications like acyclovir is crucial for pediatric nurses. By knowing the indications and contraindications of medications, nurses can provide safe and effective care to pediatric patients. It is essential for nurses to have a strong foundation in pharmacology to make informed decisions when administering medications to children.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP), platelet transfusion is indicated when the platelet count is critically low to prevent severe bleeding. The correct answer is A) 10,000/mm3. Platelet transfusion is typically considered when the platelet count falls below 10,000/mm3 in ITP to raise the platelet count rapidly and prevent life-threatening bleeding episodes. Option B) 30,000/mm3 is higher than the threshold for platelet transfusion in ITP. Platelet transfusion is usually reserved for more severe cases with lower platelet counts. Option C) 40,000/mm3 is also higher than the critical level for platelet transfusion in ITP. Platelet transfusion at this level is generally not necessary unless there are additional risk factors present. Option D) 50,000/mm3 is above the threshold that typically warrants platelet transfusion in ITP. Platelet transfusion at this level is usually not indicated unless there are specific clinical indications requiring immediate platelet support. Understanding the appropriate indications for platelet transfusion in ITP is crucial for pediatric nurses caring for patients with this condition. It is essential to closely monitor platelet counts and be aware of the threshold for intervention to provide timely and appropriate care to prevent complications related to thrombocytopenia.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) Pleomorphic rash. In pediatric nursing, recognizing the characteristic signs of common childhood illnesses like chickenpox is crucial for timely diagnosis and appropriate management. Chickenpox is characterized by a pleomorphic rash, which means the rash appears in various forms like papules, vesicles, and crusts at different stages of development. This rash is pathognomonic, meaning it is characteristic and specific to chickenpox, aiding in its diagnosis. Option A) Circumoral pallor is not specific to chickenpox but can be seen in conditions like anemia or certain infections. Option C) Strawberry tongue is typically associated with Scarlet fever, not chickenpox. Option D) Lymphadenopathy, although possible in chickenpox, is a common feature in many infectious diseases and not pathognomonic of chickenpox. Educationally, understanding the key clinical manifestations of childhood diseases is essential for nurses caring for pediatric patients. Recognizing pathognomonic signs like the pleomorphic rash in chickenpox can lead to prompt interventions, isolation measures, and appropriate treatment, ultimately improving patient outcomes and preventing the spread of infectious diseases in healthcare settings.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Arthralgia without objective evidence (swelling, redness) is a minor criterion in acute rheumatic fever. Other minor criteria include fever, elevated acute-phase reactants (ESR, CRP), and prolonged PR interval. The major criteria include carditis, polyarthritis, chorea, erythema marginatum, and subcutaneous nodules.