Hyperglycemia, glucosuria, polyuria, and acidosis are:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for choice A being correct: 1. Hyperglycemia is high blood sugar due to insufficient insulin to regulate glucose levels. 2. Glucosuria is the presence of glucose in urine, indicating excess blood sugar not being reabsorbed. 3. Polyuria is increased urine production due to osmotic diuresis from excess glucose in the urine. 4. Acidosis results from the breakdown of fats in the absence of sufficient glucose utilization. 5. All these symptoms align with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, where insulin deficiency leads to these metabolic disturbances. Summary of why other choices are incorrect: B: Diabetes insipidus is characterized by excessive thirst and urination due to inadequate ADH, not hyperglycemia. C: Hormone-secreting tumor of beta cells would lead to hyperinsulinemia and hypoglycemia, not hyperglycemia. D: ADH deficiency would result in dilute urine and electrolyte imbalances

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Calcitonin is a hormone produced by the thyroid gland. It helps regulate calcium levels in the body by inhibiting bone breakdown and lowering blood calcium levels. The thyroid gland is responsible for producing various hormones, including calcitonin. Adrenal cortex (A) produces hormones like cortisol, Pituitary gland (C) produces hormones like growth hormone, and Thymus gland (D) is involved in immune function, not hormone regulation. Therefore, the correct answer is B (Thyroid gland).

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: sweat glands. Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream, affecting various organs and tissues. Sweat glands, on the other hand, are exocrine glands that release sweat through ducts onto the skin's surface to regulate body temperature. Adrenal glands produce hormones like cortisol and adrenaline (A), parathyroid glands regulate calcium levels in the body (C), and the pineal gland produces melatonin to regulate sleep-wake cycles (D). Therefore, sweat glands do not fit the definition of an endocrine gland, making them the correct choice.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Epinephrine & norepinephrine. These hormones are responsible for the fight-or-flight response. When facing a threat, the adrenal glands release these hormones, which increase heart rate, blood pressure, and energy levels to prepare the body to either fight or flee. Epinephrine and norepinephrine are part of the sympathetic nervous system's response to stress. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect: B: Insulin & glucagon regulate blood sugar levels, not the fight-or-flight response. C: Estrogen & progesterone are reproductive hormones, not involved in the fight-or-flight response. D: Thyroxin & melatonin regulate metabolism and sleep-wake cycles, respectively, not the fight-or-flight response.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Hormones. The endocrine system consists of ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate various bodily functions. Hormones are chemical messengers that help control metabolism, growth, development, mood, and other physiological processes. Enzymes (choice A) are not secreted by the endocrine system but by exocrine glands. Electrolytes (choice C) are ions essential for various bodily functions but are not directly secreted by glands of the endocrine system. Choice D, chemicals, is too broad and vague as all substances can be considered chemicals.