How would you instruct the client to obtain a clean-catch midstream urine specimen?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for choosing option D: 1. Instruct the client to maintain limited physical activity to prevent contamination of the urine sample. 2. Physical activity can introduce bacteria from sweat or skin into the specimen, leading to inaccurate results. 3. By limiting physical activity, the client can ensure a clean-catch midstream urine sample for accurate testing. 4. Increasing fluid intake (option A), refraining from nephrotoxic drugs (option B), and taking sedative medications (option C) are not directly related to obtaining a clean-catch midstream urine specimen.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because the patient with kidney stones requiring lithotripsy would benefit from the LPN/LVN's care. This task involves monitoring the patient's vital signs, providing pre and post-procedure care, and ensuring patient comfort. The LPN/LVN is trained to perform these duties safely. Choice A is incorrect as the patient with cystitis on oral antibiotics can be managed by a nursing assistant under supervision. Choice C is incorrect because bladder training for urinary incontinence typically requires the skills of an RN due to the complexity of the intervention. Choice D is incorrect as the patient with pyelonephritis and severe flank pain requires immediate assessment and intervention by an RN due to the severity of the condition.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: TRUE. Taking medication with meals can help to prevent stomach ulcers by reducing the direct contact of the medication with the stomach lining. Food acts as a buffer, decreasing the likelihood of irritation or ulcer formation. The other choices are incorrect because B: FALSE implies the opposite, C: Maybe lacks a clear stance, and D: Not mentioned does not provide any useful information to answer the question definitively.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale: 1. Adequate blood flow is essential for GFR as it ensures efficient filtration of blood in the glomerulus. 2. Adequate hydrostatic pressure within the glomerulus is needed to push filtrate into the tubules. 3. If blood flow or hydrostatic pressure is inadequate, GFR will decrease. 4. Option A is incorrect as GFR primarily filters blood, not excretes waste products. 5. Option B is incorrect as increased permeability in the glomerulus leads to protein loss, not decreased. 6. Option D is incorrect as prostaglandins causing vasodilation would increase, not decrease, GFR. Summary: The correct answer is C because GFR is primarily dependent on adequate blood flow and hydrostatic pressure. Other choices are incorrect as they do not accurately describe the factors affecting GFR.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Upper UTI. This classification describes infection of the renal parenchyma, renal pelvis, and ureters, which are part of the upper urinary tract. In upper UTIs, the infection involves the kidneys (renal parenchyma), renal pelvis, and ureters, whereas lower UTIs typically involve the bladder (cystitis) and urethra. Complicated UTIs involve structural or functional abnormalities of the urinary tract, making treatment more challenging. Uncomplicated UTIs refer to infections in otherwise healthy individuals with normal urinary tracts. Therefore, the description provided aligns with the characteristics of an upper UTI, making it the correct choice.