How much of the cardiac output passes through the kidneys?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Kidneys receive ~25% of cardiac output (1.2 L/min), not 10%, 50%, or 65%. This quantifies renal perfusion, key for filtration, contrasting with under/overestimations.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Bladder has 3 orifices: 2 ureters (in), 1 urethra (out), not 2, 4, or 5. This counts bladder openings, vital for anatomy, contrasting with miscounts.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Hilus is the kidney's entry/exit point, not mediastinum (chest), chondrocyte (cartilage), or cortex (region). This specifies renal access, key for anatomy, contrasting with mislocations.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Reabsorption/secretion occurs between vasa recta and renal tubule, not collecting duct alone, ureter, or all. This specifies exchange site, key for solute movement, contrasting with broader options.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Efferent arteriole feeds peritubular capillaries, not portal vein, arcuate vein, or all. This defines post-glomerular flow, key for reabsorption, contrasting with venous drainage.