How many liters per minute of oxygen should be administered to the patient with emphysema?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Oxygen therapy for patients with emphysema aims to maintain adequate oxygen levels in the blood while avoiding toxic levels of oxygen. The recommended flow rate for oxygen administration in patients with emphysema is typically 1-3 liters per minute. Increasing the flow rate above this range may lead to oxygen toxicity in these patients. Therefore, a safe and appropriate oxygen flow rate for a patient with emphysema would be around 6 L/min, making option C, 6 L/min, the correct choice from the provided options.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the context of older adults with heart and blood vessel diseases being susceptible to thrombophlebitis, the correct answer is B) IV drugs and chemicals. This is because the administration of intravenous drugs and chemicals can irritate the blood vessel walls, leading to inflammation and clot formation, which increases the risk of thrombophlebitis. Option C) Impaired mobility is not directly related to the development of thrombophlebitis in older adults with heart and blood vessel diseases. While impaired mobility can contribute to venous stasis and increase the risk of deep vein thrombosis, it is not specifically linked to the susceptibility to thrombophlebitis in this population. Option D) Compromised circulation could be a contributing factor to the development of thrombophlebitis, but it is not as directly related as the administration of IV drugs and chemicals. Compromised circulation may lead to venous stasis, which can increase the risk of thrombus formation, but the immediate cause in this scenario is the introduction of irritants through IV administration. Educationally, understanding the risk factors for thrombophlebitis in specific populations, such as older adults with heart and blood vessel diseases, is crucial for healthcare professionals involved in their care. Recognizing the impact of interventions like IV drug administration on vascular health can inform preventive strategies and promote patient safety.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Pernicious anemia is a condition caused by a deficiency in vitamin B12 absorption due to the lack of intrinsic factor, a protein necessary for B12 absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. If a patient does not take vitamin B12, they can develop pernicious anemia. This condition leads to the inability to produce enough healthy red blood cells, resulting in anemia. Symptoms of pernicious anemia include fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, and pale or yellowish skin. It is important for patients to take vitamin B12 supplements or receive injections if they are unable to absorb the vitamin properly in order to prevent or treat pernicious anemia.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Educating the client about the disease process and its limitations is the most important factor in the nursing management of a client with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS). Providing information about the disease, its symptoms, potential triggers, and the importance of self-care is crucial in empowering the client to manage their condition effectively. Understanding the limitations imposed by CFS can help the client make necessary adjustments in their lifestyle, activities, and energy management. Education also plays a key role in setting realistic expectations and preventing exacerbation of symptoms by avoiding overexertion or pushing beyond their limits. By understanding the disease process and its impact, the client can actively participate in their care and strive for better quality of life.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Alkaline phosphatase level is elevated in clients who smoke due to various reasons unrelated to cancer. Smoking leads to increased alkaline phosphatase production in the liver, and elevated levels can be attributed to liver damage caused by smoking. However, a high alkaline phosphatase level alone cannot be used as a general indicator of cancer because it is not specific to cancer and can be influenced by several other factors. Therefore, it is not a reliable marker for the presence of cancer in individuals who smoke or in the general population.