How do hormones differ from neurotransmitters?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D. Hormones travel through the bloodstream while neurotransmitters travel across the synaptic cleft between neurons. Hormones are secreted by endocrine glands into the bloodstream to target distant tissues, while neurotransmitters are released by neurons into the synaptic cleft to transmit signals locally between neurons. Choice A is incorrect as hormones do not travel through the synaptic cleft, and neurotransmitters do not travel through the bloodstream. Choice B is incorrect as both hormones and neurotransmitters act on specific receptors. Choice C is incorrect as hormones do not use electrical impulses; instead, they travel through the bloodstream.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the endocrine system, insulin plays a crucial role in regulating glucose metabolism. The correct answer, option D, states that insulin accelerates the transport of amino acids into cells and their synthesis into protein. This is accurate because insulin not only facilitates the uptake of glucose by cells but also promotes protein synthesis by enhancing the transport of amino acids into cells. This process is essential for cell growth, repair, and overall metabolic functions. Option A, enhancing the breakdown of adipose tissue for energy, is incorrect because insulin actually inhibits the breakdown of adipose tissue (lipolysis) to prioritize glucose utilization. Option B, stimulating hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, is also incorrect as insulin works in opposition to these processes by promoting glycogen synthesis and inhibiting gluconeogenesis to lower blood glucose levels. Option C, preventing the transport of triglycerides into adipose tissue, is incorrect because insulin promotes the uptake and storage of triglycerides in adipose tissue, especially in the fed state when energy is being stored for later use. Educationally, understanding the multifaceted role of insulin in regulating metabolism is crucial for comprehending how the endocrine system maintains homeostasis. Knowing the specific actions of insulin on various tissues and substrates helps in grasping the interconnectedness of metabolic pathways and the importance of hormonal balance in overall health.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) Meglitinide. Meglitinides are a class of oral glucose-lowering agents commonly used for people with type 2 diabetes because they work by stimulating insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells. This action helps to reduce hepatic glucose production and enhance the uptake of glucose by tissues, thereby lowering blood sugar levels. Meglitinides are particularly useful for individuals who have irregular meal schedules or who struggle with hypoglycemia. A) Insulin is not the most commonly used oral glucose-lowering agent for type 2 diabetes. Insulin is typically administered via injection and is reserved for cases where oral medications are insufficient in controlling blood sugar levels. C) Biguanides, like metformin, work by decreasing hepatic glucose production and increasing insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues. While a commonly prescribed medication for type 2 diabetes, it does not directly stimulate insulin secretion like meglitinides. D) Sulfonylureas work by stimulating insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells similar to meglitinides. However, sulfonylureas have a longer duration of action and are associated with a higher risk of hypoglycemia compared to meglitinides. In an educational context, understanding the mechanisms of action of different classes of oral glucose-lowering agents is crucial for healthcare professionals managing patients with type 2 diabetes. By knowing how each medication works, healthcare providers can make informed decisions to tailor treatment plans to individual patient needs, considering factors such as meal schedules, risk of hypoglycemia, and overall efficacy in controlling blood sugar levels.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: "I'll know if I have sores or lesions on my feet because they will be painful." The rationale for why this statement indicates a need for additional instruction is because individuals with diabetes often experience neuropathy, which can result in reduced sensation in their extremities, including the feet. This means that a diabetic patient may not feel pain from sores or lesions developing on their feet, leading to potential complications like infections and ulcers. Option A is correct because washing feet daily with soap and warm water is an essential part of foot care for diabetic patients to prevent infections. Option B is correct because wearing shoes at all times is crucial to protect diabetic feet from injuries that could lead to serious complications. Option C is correct because using a heating pad when feet are cold can cause burns due to reduced sensitivity in diabetic feet. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of proper foot care in diabetic patients to prevent complications such as infections, ulcers, and amputations. It emphasizes the need for diabetic individuals to inspect their feet regularly, regardless of pain, to identify issues early and seek medical attention promptly. This scenario underscores the significance of patient education in managing diabetes effectively and promoting self-care practices.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that leads to overactivity of the thyroid gland (hyperthyroidism). Option A, "Exophthalmos occurs in Graves' disease," is the correct statement. Exophthalmos, or bulging eyes, is a classic symptom of Graves' disease due to inflammation and swelling of the eye muscles and tissues behind the eyes. Option B is incorrect because Graves' disease is actually the most common cause of hyperthyroidism, not uncommon. Option C is incorrect as hyperthyroidism in Graves' disease results from the production of stimulating antibodies, not tissue desensitization to the sympathetic nervous system. Option D is also incorrect because in Graves' disease, there is a decreased TSH level due to negative feedback from elevated thyroid hormone levels. From an educational standpoint, understanding the specific manifestations of Graves' disease is crucial for healthcare providers to accurately diagnose and manage patients with this condition. Recognizing exophthalmos as a hallmark sign can aid in early detection and appropriate treatment, highlighting the importance of detailed knowledge of endocrine disorders in clinical practice.