How did health care and its delivery change during the 1980s? (Select ONE that does not apply.)

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the 1980s, laws discouraged substance use (B), nurse practitioners increased (C), and public health lost support (D). Funding shifted to acute care, not public health (A).

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Although nursing theory does serve as a basis for ongoing research, does help demonstrate that nursing is a profession, and may help nurses organize their knowledge; its primary purpose is to improve nursing practice.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Orem's theory emphasizes self-care not the need for nursing intervention. It assumes that the client can control his or her environment, whereas most persons cannot control work, school, or neighborhood environments. Orem's theory is focused on individual self-care. The primary focus of nursing practice is on self-care needs and activities.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The HBM assumes that people have access to health resources, but such resources are not always available to certain groups. Economic, political, and environmental constraints interfere with free choice. The HBM may effectively promote behavior change by altering the patient's perspectives, but it does not acknowledge the health professional's responsibility to reduce health care barriers. The HBM places the burden of action exclusively on the client.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: As the model focuses on sociopolitical and environmental constraints to a client's free choice, it also encourages assessment of such constraints, as well as suggesting alternative avenues to helping the patient obtain needed care. Milio encourages the practice of nursing from a broad understanding of health and illness.