How did Florence Nightingale help bring about community health nursing? (Select all that apply.)

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Nightingale used a population-based approach, improving soldiers’ environments (B) and documenting outcomes (D). She didn’t recruit wealthy volunteers (A) or focus on individual care (C).

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Lillian Wald improved health in a community by using diplomacy and neighborhood power. She was elected president of a national nursing organization and created new nursing specialties such as school nursing. However, she is primarily known for her creation of Henry Street House (see Chapter 2 of text), which led to the Visiting Nurses Association and notably improved health in many communities.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Most nursing theories have an extremely narrow focus on individual nurse-patient care situations. This microscopic focus ignores the broader global social macroscopic perspective.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Although it is easy to blame the patient for being noncompliant or neglecting himself or herself, or to blame the nurse for not 'educating' the patient appropriately, it is equally plausible that the health care system is not meeting the client's perceived needs. Clients can have many reasons for not keeping an appointment, such as family emergencies, lack of funds, or lack of transportation. Sociocultural and ethnic barriers can also be factors. This is part of the Health Belief Model where the premise is that the world of the perceiver determines the action.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The HBM is based on the assumption that the primary reason people act is disease avoidance. Such avoidance means they perceive themselves as susceptible to a serious disease, there is some cue to action, and there are more benefits than barriers to acting.