Hospital leadership should consider which of the following ethical dilemmas prior to experiencing an actual disaster? (Select all that apply.)

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why choice A is correct: Hospital leadership should consider the decision-making process for distributing scarce resources before a disaster. This is crucial for ensuring fair and ethical allocation of resources to maximize patient outcomes. Clinical leaders must be identified in advance to make these difficult decisions based on established criteria and ethical guidelines. This proactive approach helps prevent chaos and ensures a more organized response during a crisis. Summary of why the other choices are incorrect: B: While determining treatment criteria is important, it is typically done on a case-by-case basis during a disaster, not necessarily in advance. C: Identifying nursing staff reporting order is important, but it does not directly address an ethical dilemma related to resource allocation. D: Distributing prophylactic pharmaceuticals is important for staff safety but does not directly address an ethical dilemma related to resource allocation.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: It is a cue to action. When calorie content is provided on the menu, it serves as a cue to action for the individual trying to lose weight. This information prompts them to make more informed and healthier menu choices, helping them stay within their calorie goals. It encourages them to select lower-calorie options and be more mindful of their food choices. A: It is a barrier - This is incorrect because calorie information typically serves as a helpful tool, not a barrier, in making healthier choices. C: It is an innovation - This is incorrect because providing calorie content on menus is not necessarily an innovation, but rather a common practice in many restaurants. D: It is perceived susceptibility - This is incorrect as perceived susceptibility refers to an individual's belief about their risk of a particular health issue, which is not directly related to the impact of calorie information on menu choices.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: The combined roles of multiple sectors. To address high blood pressure effectively, a comprehensive approach involving multiple sectors such as healthcare, food and agriculture, education, urban planning, and more is essential. This is because high blood pressure is influenced by various factors including diet, physical activity, environment, and access to healthcare. By working collaboratively with multiple sectors, the nurse can develop a holistic program that addresses the social determinants of health and promotes a supportive environment for managing blood pressure. Working with just the health sector (option A) would be too narrow and overlook other important influences. Involving only the health sector and the food and agriculture sector (option C) would miss out on the broader societal factors affecting blood pressure. Lastly, different sectors for each individual (option D) would lack a coordinated and comprehensive approach needed for community-wide impact.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Relative advantage. In the context of the diffusion of innovations theory, relative advantage refers to the perceived improvement of an innovation over existing solutions. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the public health department needed to demonstrate that the smartphone application offered clear benefits compared to other methods of contact tracing or information dissemination. This is crucial for gaining widespread acceptance and adoption. Incorrect choices: A: Trialability - While trialability is important for encouraging adoption by allowing individuals to experiment with the innovation, it does not directly address the perceived advantages of the smartphone application. B: Observability - Observability relates to the visibility of the innovation's results, which may influence adoption but does not directly address the comparative benefits of the smartphone application.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because to uphold the ethical standard of proportionality in a community health program, the nurse needs to assess if the benefits of the program outweigh the potential risks. This involves considering the balance between the positive outcomes of the program and any potential harm it may cause. This question directly addresses the principle of proportionality. Choice B is incorrect because providing rationale for program choices does not directly address the ethical standard of proportionality. Choice C is incorrect because while decreasing health inequities is important in community health programs, it does not specifically address the principle of proportionality. Choice D is incorrect because involving the target population in the planning process is important for community engagement but does not directly relate to upholding the ethical standard of proportionality.