Hormones produced by the hypothalamus and secreted by the posterior pituitary include:

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Step 1: The hormones produced by the hypothalamus and secreted by the posterior pituitary are ADH (vasopressin) and oxytocin. Step 2: ADH regulates water balance by increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys. Step 3: Oxytocin is involved in uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection during breastfeeding. Step 4: Therefore, choice B (ADH and oxytocin) is correct. Summary: - Choice A (ADH and aldosterone) is incorrect because aldosterone is produced by the adrenal glands, not the posterior pituitary. - Choice C (oxytocin and prolactin) is incorrect because prolactin is produced by the anterior pituitary. - Choice D (cortisol and aldosterone) is incorrect because cortisol is produced by the adrenal glands, not the posterior pituitary.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: adrenal cortex. Cortisol is a glucocorticoid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex. The adrenal cortex is responsible for the synthesis and secretion of cortisol in response to stress. The adrenal medulla produces catecholamines like adrenaline and noradrenaline, not cortisol. The anterior pituitary produces adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which stimulates cortisol production by the adrenal cortex. The pancreas produces insulin and glucagon, not cortisol. Therefore, the adrenal cortex is the correct choice for the production of cortisol.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C, tumor angiogenesis factor. Cancer cells release this growth factor to promote the formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) around the tumor, providing a supply of nutrients and oxygen to support their growth. This process is essential for cancer progression. A: Macrophage colony-stimulating factor is involved in the production and differentiation of macrophages, not in angiogenesis. B: Platelet-derived growth factor promotes cell growth and division, but it is not specifically responsible for angiogenesis in the context of cancer. D: Epidermal growth factor is a signaling molecule that promotes cell proliferation and differentiation but is not the primary factor released by cancer cells to induce angiogenesis.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Androgens. Androgens are male sex hormones responsible for male characteristics like facial hair growth and deepening of voice. Aldosterone (A) is a mineralocorticoid hormone, not a sex hormone. Pheromones (C) are chemical signals, not hormones. Insulin (D) is a hormone that regulates blood sugar levels, not related to sex characteristics. Therefore, B is the correct choice for a male sex hormone.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Parathyroid hormone. Parathyroid hormone plays a crucial role in regulating calcium homeostasis by increasing calcium levels in the blood through various mechanisms. It promotes calcium release from bones, enhances calcium absorption in the intestines, and reduces calcium excretion from the kidneys. Insulin (Choice A) primarily regulates blood sugar levels, not calcium. Erythropoietin (Choice B) stimulates red blood cell production and does not directly affect calcium homeostasis. Aldosterone (Choice C) regulates sodium and potassium balance but not calcium levels. Thus, Parathyroid hormone is the correct choice for controlling calcium homeostasis.