Hormones produced by the hypothalamus and secreted by the posterior pituitary include:

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Hypothalamus produces ADH (water) and oxytocin (labor), stored/released by posterior pituitary neurohypophyseal pair. Aldosterone is adrenal, not hypothalamic. Prolactin is anterior pituitary, not posterior. Cortisol is adrenal cortex, unrelated. ADH-oxytocin duo distinguishes posterior pituitary function, key to hypothalamic delivery, unlike adrenal or anterior hormones.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: PTH (parathyroid) raises blood calcium by bone resorption, opposing calcitonin's lowering via deposition antagonistic pair. Thyroxine (thyroid) boosts metabolism, not calcium directly. GH (pituitary) grows bones, not regulating calcium. Insulin (pancreas) lowers glucose, unrelated. PTH's calcium-raising role distinguishes it, key to homeostasis, unlike metabolic, growth, or glucose hormones.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: ANH (atria) opposes aldosterone by promoting natriuresis, lowering blood volume/pressure antagonistic to aldosterone's sodium retention. ADH (pituitary) retains water, synergistic at times. Cortisol (adrenal) is glucocorticoid, minimal overlap. Glucagon (pancreas) raises glucose, unrelated. ANH's natriuretic effect distinguishes it, key to volume counterbalance, unlike water, stress, or glucose hormones.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Type I diabetes (IDDM) requires insulin injections autoimmune β-cell loss halts production. Obesity correlates with type II, not I. Type II is more common insulin resistance. Resistance defines type II, not I cells respond, lack insulin. Injection need distinguishes type I, key to its management, unlike obesity, prevalence, or resistance traits.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: ANH, aldosterone, and ADH regulate blood pressure/volume ANH lowers (natriuresis), aldosterone/ADH raise (sodium/water retention). Oxytocin (hypothalamus) drives labor/milk ejection, not pressure/volume reproductive focus. Oxytocin's exclusion distinguishes it, key to its non-vascular role, unlike volume-regulating trio.