Hormones are produced by which of the following systems?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C, the Endocrine system. Hormones are chemical messengers produced by endocrine glands and released into the bloodstream to regulate various bodily functions. The exocrine system (A) secretes substances through ducts, not hormones. The digestive system (B) processes food and absorbs nutrients but does not produce hormones. The nervous system (D) controls body functions through electrical signals, not hormonal regulation. Therefore, the Endocrine system is the correct choice for hormone production.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) mixing an evening dose of regular insulin with insulin glargine in one syringe for administration. This option is incorrect because mixing regular insulin, a short-acting insulin, with insulin glargine, a long-acting insulin, in the same syringe can alter the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of both insulins, leading to unpredictable blood glucose levels and potential harm to the patient. Option A is incorrect because warming a prefilled refrigerated syringe in the hands before administration is a common practice to prevent discomfort from the cold injection but does not pose a risk to the patient's health. Option B is incorrect because storing syringes prefilled with NPH and regular insulin needle-up in the refrigerator is a proper storage method to maintain the stability of the insulin and does not pose a risk to the patient's health. Option C is incorrect because placing the insulin bottle currently in use in a small container on the bathroom countertop is a suitable storage method, as long as the insulin is not exposed to extreme temperatures or direct sunlight, and it does not pose a risk to the patient's health. In an educational context, it is crucial for healthcare professionals to understand the proper administration and storage of insulin to ensure patient safety and optimal therapeutic outcomes. Mixing different types of insulin in the same syringe is a critical error that can lead to serious consequences for the patient's health. Educating healthcare providers on safe insulin practices is essential to prevent medication errors and ensure the well-being of patients with diabetes.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is option D: Administer glucagon 1 mg intramuscularly (IM) or subcutaneously. This is the correct course of action because the patient is unconscious, indicating severe hypoglycemia, which requires immediate intervention to raise blood glucose levels. Option A (Have the patient drink some orange juice) is not appropriate in this case as the patient is unconscious and unable to swallow safely. Option B (Administer 10 U of regular insulin subcutaneously) would further lower blood glucose levels, exacerbating the hypoglycemia. Option C (Call for an ambulance to transport the patient to a medical facility) delays immediate intervention needed for a patient in this critical condition. Educationally, it is vital for healthcare professionals and family members of diabetic patients to understand the emergency management of hypoglycemia. Training on the administration of glucagon and recognizing the signs of severe hypoglycemia can be life-saving. Immediate intervention with glucagon can help restore the patient's blood glucose levels and prevent further complications.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is B) A urine specific gravity of 1.002. Desmopressin acetate (DDAVP) is a synthetic form of vasopressin used to treat diabetes insipidus by promoting water reabsorption in the kidneys. A urine specific gravity of 1.002 indicates that the urine is too dilute, suggesting that the medication is not working effectively to concentrate the urine. Option A) Headache and weight gain are not indicative of desmopressin acetate's therapeutic effect but could be side effects of the medication or other factors. Option C) Nasal irritation and nausea are common side effects of nasal desmopressin administration and do not necessarily indicate the medication's therapeutic effectiveness. Option D) An oral intake greater than urinary output would be expected in a patient with diabetes insipidus who is responding well to desmopressin acetate as the medication helps to reduce excessive urination and fluid loss. Educationally, understanding the expected therapeutic effects of medications used in endocrine disorders is crucial for nurses to assess and manage patients effectively. Monitoring urine specific gravity is a key aspect of evaluating the response to desmopressin acetate therapy in patients with diabetes insipidus. This knowledge helps nurses provide safe and quality care to patients with endocrine conditions.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is option D) Hyperparathyroidism. Hyperparathyroidism is a condition characterized by the overproduction of parathyroid hormone (PTH) by the parathyroid glands, leading to increased levels of calcium in the blood. This excess of PTH can result in the release of calcium from the bones, causing bone density loss and increasing the risk of conditions like osteoporosis. Option A) SIADH (Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone) is unlikely to cause bone density loss as it primarily affects water balance in the body, not calcium metabolism. Option B) Cushing syndrome is associated with excess cortisol production, which can lead to bone loss, but it typically presents with other symptoms such as weight gain, high blood pressure, and changes in body composition. Option C) Hypothyroidism can also impact bone health, but it usually results in decreased bone turnover rather than the rapid bone loss seen in this case. Educationally, understanding the relationship between endocrine disorders and bone health is crucial in clinical practice. Hyperparathyroidism's effect on bone density underscores the importance of early detection and management to prevent complications like fractures. This question also highlights the interconnectedness of different endocrine systems and the need for a comprehensive approach to patient care.