Hormonal agents are used to treat some cancers. An example would be:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Estrogen antagonists, such as drugs like Tamoxifen or Fulvestrant, are commonly used to treat hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. These cancer cells have receptors that can bind to estrogen, stimulating their growth. By using estrogen antagonists, the estrogen receptors on the cancer cells are blocked, inhibiting their growth and reducing the risk of cancer recurrence. This makes estrogen antagonists an effective hormonal agent for treating breast cancer.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Furosemide (Lasix) is a loop diuretic that helps the body to remove excess salt and water, which can be useful in conditions like congestive heart failure, liver disease, or kidney disorders. The correct statement by the nurse is to "Be sure to change positions slowly and rise slowly after sitting or lying so as to prevent dizziness and possible fainting because of blood pressure changes." This instruction is important because diuretics like furosemide can cause changes in blood pressure, leading to dizziness and fainting when standing up quickly. By changing positions slowly, the patient can minimize the risk of experiencing these symptoms.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: When administering IV potassium to a hypokalemic patient who is not on a heart monitor, it's important to ensure a controlled rate of infusion to prevent dangerous cardiac arrhythmias. The recommended maximum rate for IV potassium replacement in this scenario is typically no more than 20 mEq/hour. Faster administration rates can increase the risk of hyperkalemia and potentially lead to serious cardiac complications. Monitoring the patient closely for signs of hyperkalemia such as ECG changes or muscle weakness is also crucial during potassium replacement therapy.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Grapefruit juice can interact with antilipemic medications, specifically statins, causing increased drug levels in the bloodstream. This can lead to a higher risk of side effects and adverse reactions. Therefore, patients on antilipemic therapy should be cautious about consuming grapefruit juice to prevent potential drug interactions.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A) One hour before or 2 hours after a meal when taking iron supplements. Iron absorption is hindered by the presence of other nutrients in food, especially calcium, which competes with iron for absorption. Therefore, taking iron supplements on an empty stomach helps maximize absorption. Option B) Full glass of water/juice is a common recommendation for taking medications, but it is not specific to iron supplements. While staying hydrated is important, it is not a crucial factor in the absorption of iron supplements. Option C) No caffeine is not directly related to taking iron supplements. Caffeine can inhibit the absorption of some minerals, but it does not have a significant impact on iron absorption. Option D) Carrying an identification card saying you are on iron supplements is not a standard practice. While it is important to inform healthcare providers of all medications and supplements you are taking, carrying an identification card specifically for iron supplements is unnecessary. In an educational context, it is important for students to understand the rationale behind specific instructions for taking medications and supplements. Understanding the optimal conditions for iron absorption can help students make informed decisions about their healthcare and ensure they are getting the maximum benefit from their supplements.