Horizontal violence may be observed among staff interactions and causes stress among staff. To minimize stress associated with such interactions, nurses can: (Select all that apply.)

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Take control of the situation by being assertive. Being assertive allows nurses to address the conflict directly, set boundaries, and communicate effectively. This approach can help reduce stress by resolving issues instead of letting them escalate. A: Encouraging venting may temporarily alleviate feelings but does not address the root cause of the conflict, potentially perpetuating it. C: Ignoring volatile staff can lead to unresolved tensions and may exacerbate the situation over time. D: Avoiding interactions with angry staff does not address the issue and may create a culture of avoidance rather than addressing conflicts directly.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Number of scheduled days missed. Total time lost refers to the actual working days that were missed as per the employee's schedule. Choice A considers only the days off requested, which may not align with the actual days missed. Choice C is incorrect because it does not specify if the days missed were part of the schedule. Choice D is incorrect as it refers to perception rather than actual days missed. Therefore, B is the most accurate measure of total time lost in terms of work productivity.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because dysfunctional turnover refers to the loss of highly skilled employees who are difficult to replace, leading to negative impacts on the organization. Losing such employees can harm productivity, morale, and innovation. Retaining all employees (choice A) is not necessarily dysfunctional, and losing employees consistently (choice B) does not specify the impact on the organization. Hiring new employees (choice D) is not directly related to dysfunctional turnover. In summary, choice C is correct because it specifically addresses the detrimental effects of losing key employees.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Halo error. Halo error is the term used for assigning a rating based on an overall impression, where one positive attribute influences the overall perception of an individual or object. This can lead to biased evaluations. Recency error (A) is when recent events have a disproportionate impact on the evaluation. Leniency error (B) is when the rater consistently rates all items positively. Absolute judgment (C) is when each item is evaluated independently without considering the overall impression.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Process. Process theories of motivation focus on how individuals initiate, sustain, and direct their behavior towards achieving goals. These theories explore the cognitive processes involved in motivation, such as goal-setting, expectancy, and self-regulation. They highlight the importance of understanding individuals' thought processes and decision-making in driving their efforts. Rationale: A: Reinforcement theories primarily focus on how behavior is influenced by consequences, such as rewards and punishments. While reinforcement is a factor in motivation, it does not address the cognitive processes underlying motivation. B: Operant theories, like reinforcement, concentrate on how behavior is shaped by consequences. However, they do not delve into the internal cognitive processes that drive motivation. C: Conditioning theories, such as classical and operant conditioning, emphasize how behavior is learned through associations and reinforcements. While conditioning plays a role in shaping behavior, it does not directly address how motivation works to direct efforts based on cognitive processes. In summary, the correct answer, D