HMG-CoA reductase inhibiting drugs can cause muscle breakdown, especially when used in combination with a cyclosporine. This consideration is:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale: 1. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors like statins can cause muscle breakdown. 2. Cyclosporine is known to increase the risk of muscle breakdown when used with statins. 3. Thus, the statement that HMG-CoA reductase inhibiting drugs can cause muscle breakdown, especially when used with cyclosporine, is TRUE. Summary: Choice A is correct because it aligns with the known pharmacological interactions between HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors and cyclosporine. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they do not accurately reflect the specific relationship between these drugs and muscle breakdown.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Rationale for Correct Answer D: Aldosterone is a hormone that regulates salt and water balance by affecting sodium and potassium levels. Hydrochlorothiazide inhibits sodium reabsorption, while amiloride blocks potassium excretion. Since aldosterone promotes sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion, the presence of aldosterone would counteract the effects of both drugs. Therefore, the correct answer is D, as neither drug requires aldosterone for effectiveness. Choice A (Hydrochlorothiazide) is incorrect because it works independently of aldosterone by inhibiting sodium reabsorption in the kidneys. Choice B (Amiloride) is also incorrect as it directly blocks sodium channels in the kidneys, regardless of aldosterone levels. Choice C is incorrect because both drugs are effective regardless of aldosterone presence.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Rifampin. Rifampin inhibits bacterial RNA synthesis by binding to the bacterial RNA polymerase enzyme. This prevents transcription of bacterial RNA, leading to inhibition of bacterial growth. Erythromycin (A) inhibits protein synthesis, Chloramphenicol (C) inhibits the peptidyl transferase activity during protein synthesis, and Imipinem (D) is a β-lactam antibiotic that inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis. Thus, only Rifampin specifically targets bacterial RNA synthesis among the given choices.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Hepatotoxicity, peripheral neuropathy. Isoniazid is a commonly used medication for tuberculosis treatment. Hepatotoxicity is a well-known side effect, which can manifest as hepatitis or liver damage. Peripheral neuropathy is another common side effect, characterized by numbness, tingling, or burning sensations in the extremities. These effects are due to the drug's metabolism in the liver and its interference with nerve function. Choice A is incorrect as cardiotoxicity is not a known side effect of isoniazid. Choice C, loss of hair, is not a commonly reported side effect of isoniazid. Choice D, immunotoxicity, is not a major side effect associated with isoniazid use.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Step 1: Identify the conditions - ascaridosis and enterobiosis are caused by roundworms and pinworms, respectively. Step 2: Understand mechanism - Pyrantel works by paralyzing the worms, leading to expulsion from the body. Step 3: Specificity - Pyrantel is effective against both roundworms and pinworms. Step 4: Safety - Pyrantel is considered safe for use in treating these infections. Summary: A: Bithionol - used for tapeworm infections, not effective for roundworms or pinworms. C: Praziquantel - effective against tapeworms and flukes, not roundworms or pinworms. D: Suramin - used for African sleeping sickness, not indicated for ascaridosis or enterobiosis.