HIV antibody testing procedures using a finger stick or venipuncture to obtain whole blood, plasma, or serum, and tests using oral fluid were approved. All the following regarding this test are true EXCEPT

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In this question, option B is the correct answer because a positive result from HIV antibody testing using finger stick, venipuncture, or oral fluid does need confirmation by Western blot analysis or immunofluorescence assay to confirm the diagnosis of HIV infection. Option A is incorrect because although these tests are generally simple and accurate, there is always a possibility of erroneous results depending on various factors such as sample collection, handling, or testing errors. Option C is incorrect because while these testing methods do allow for early detection and implementation of antiretroviral therapy to reduce the risk of mother-to-child transmission, they do not specifically target women who are unaware of their HIV status. Option D is incorrect as well because while early detection and treatment can significantly reduce the risk of mother-to-child transmission, these testing methods alone do not solely determine the reduction in transmission risk. From an educational standpoint, understanding the limitations and requirements of HIV testing procedures is crucial for healthcare providers to provide accurate diagnosis and appropriate care for patients, especially in the case of mother-to-child transmission prevention. It highlights the importance of confirming positive results and implementing comprehensive strategies to address HIV transmission risks effectively.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The most likely diagnosis for a 5-month-old child presenting with a short systolic murmur at the left upper sternal border with a soft 2nd heart sound is B) Atrial septal defect (ASD). Atrial septal defect is a congenital heart defect characterized by an abnormal opening between the atria, leading to a left-to-right shunt. This results in a murmur heard at the upper left sternal border due to increased blood flow across the tricuspid valve during systole. The soft 2nd heart sound is due to reduced blood flow velocity through the pulmonic valve. Option A) Ventricular septal defect typically presents with a harsh holosystolic murmur at the lower left sternal border. Option C) Patent ductus arteriosus presents with a continuous machinery murmur. Option D) Pulmonary stenosis presents with a systolic ejection murmur at the left upper sternal border with an ejection click. Understanding and recognizing these different heart murmurs are essential for pediatric nurses to accurately assess and diagnose congenital heart defects in children. Early identification leads to prompt intervention and improved outcomes for pediatric patients with cardiac conditions.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) It estimates a child's level of pain utilizing behavioral and physical responses. The FLACC scale is a validated tool used in pediatric nursing to assess pain in nonverbal or preverbal children. It stands for Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, and Consolability, and nurses assign a score to each category based on the child's observed behaviors. This scale helps nurses to objectively evaluate pain levels and initiate appropriate interventions. Option A) It estimates a child's level of pain utilizing vital sign information is incorrect because the FLACC scale focuses on behavioral and physical responses, not vital signs. Option B) It estimates a child's level of pain based on parents' perception is incorrect because the FLACC scale is based on direct observation of the child's behaviors, not parental perceptions. Option D) It estimates a child's level of pain utilizing a numeric scale from 0 to 5 is incorrect because while the FLACC scale does assign numerical scores, it is based on specific behavioral indicators, not a simple numeric scale. Educationally, understanding and correctly utilizing pain assessment tools like the FLACC scale are crucial skills for pediatric nurses to ensure accurate pain management for nonverbal patients. By using such tools, nurses can provide evidence-based care and improve outcomes for pediatric patients who may have difficulty expressing their pain verbally.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) Diurnal enuresis. Diurnal enuresis refers to the involuntary loss of urine during the daytime in individuals who should have developed bladder control. In the case of an adolescent with new-onset diabetes experiencing 'daytime accidents,' this term accurately describes their condition. Option A) Primary enuresis typically refers to bedwetting in children who have never been consistently dry at night. This term does not apply to the scenario of daytime accidents in an adolescent. Option B) Secondary enuresis is the term used when a child or adolescent starts wetting the bed again after having been dry for a significant period. This does not align with the daytime accidents described in the question. Option D) Nocturnal enuresis refers to bedwetting that occurs during the night. While related to bladder control, it does not address the specific issue of daytime accidents in the context of new-onset diabetes in an adolescent. Educationally, understanding the terminology related to enuresis is crucial for pediatric nurses caring for children and adolescents with bladder control issues. Recognizing the differences between primary, secondary, diurnal, and nocturnal enuresis aids in accurate assessment, diagnosis, and management of these conditions, leading to improved patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the context of hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), the correct answer is C) Mild proteinuria, increased BUN and creatinine. This is because HUS is characterized by the triad of hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute kidney injury. The presence of mild proteinuria along with increased blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels indicates renal involvement, which is a key feature of HUS. Option A) Massive proteinuria, elevated BUN and creatinine is incorrect because massive proteinuria is not typically seen in HUS. Option B) Mild proteinuria, decreased BUN and creatinine is also incorrect as HUS is associated with increased, not decreased, BUN and creatinine levels. Option D) Massive proteinuria, decreased BUN and creatinine is incorrect due to the same reasons as options A and B. Educationally, understanding the laboratory findings associated with HUS is crucial for nurses caring for pediatric patients. Recognizing the specific pattern of mild proteinuria, along with increased BUN and creatinine, can aid in early identification and prompt management of HUS to prevent complications such as renal failure. This knowledge is vital in providing safe and effective care for children with HUS.