Hemoptysis may be present in the client with a pulmonary embolism because of which of the following reasons?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A, as hemoptysis in pulmonary embolism is often due to alveolar damage in the infarcted area caused by the blockage of blood flow to the lung tissue. This leads to inflammation and subsequent bleeding. Choice B is incorrect because major blood vessel involvement does not directly lead to hemoptysis. Choices C and D are incorrect as they are too general and do not specifically address the mechanism of hemoptysis in pulmonary embolism.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The term "blue bloater" refers to a male client with chronic obstructive bronchitis. This is because chronic obstructive bronchitis is characterized by chronic bronchial inflammation leading to cyanosis (blue) and bloating due to fluid retention. ARDS is characterized by severe respiratory failure, not consistent with the symptoms of a blue bloater. Asthma typically presents with wheezing and reversible airway obstruction, not bloating. Emphysema is characterized by shortness of breath and barrel chest, but not necessarily blue discoloration or bloating.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm typically presents with severe lower back pain due to the leakage of blood into the abdomen, leading to irritation of surrounding tissues. Decreased blood pressure is a result of significant blood loss from the rupture. Decreased RBC count occurs due to hemolysis and loss of red blood cells into the abdominal cavity. Increased WBC count is a response to inflammation and infection resulting from the rupture. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they do not align with the typical presentation of a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm. The symptoms described in these choices do not accurately reflect the clinical manifestations associated with this condition.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because the superego acts as the censoring portion of the mind, regulating behaviors based on moral and ethical standards. It's responsible for enforcing societal norms and values, leading to feelings of guilt or shame when these are violated. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because the superego is not primarily focused on defense mechanisms, impulsivity, or decision-making processes. It is more concerned with moral judgments and self-control.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, Impaired social interaction. This is because impaired social interaction pertains to difficulties in communication or interaction with others, which is not typically a nursing diagnosis but rather an outcome or potential problem. Choices A, B, and C are appropriate nursing diagnoses as they address common patient problems that nurses assess and intervene upon. A: Ineffective individual coping relates to a patient's inability to manage stress; B: Alteration in comfort, pain involves discomfort or pain that affects the patient's well-being; C: Altered role performance refers to changes in the patient's ability to fulfill expected roles.