Hemophilia A is characterized by:

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the context of a Pediatric NCLEX Practice Quiz, the correct answer for the characterization of Hemophilia A as prolonged APTT (Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time) is crucial to understand due to its implications for patient care. Hemophilia A is a genetic disorder characterized by a deficiency in clotting factor VIII, leading to impaired blood clotting. This deficiency results in prolonged APTT, as factor VIII is essential for the intrinsic pathway of the coagulation cascade, which is assessed through APTT testing. Option A, prolonged bleeding time, is incorrect because bleeding time primarily assesses platelet function, not clotting factor deficiencies like hemophilia A. Option B, prolonged prothrombin time, is incorrect as it evaluates the extrinsic pathway of the coagulation cascade, which is not primarily affected in hemophilia A. Option D, prolonged thrombin time, is also incorrect as it assesses the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, which is downstream of the factor VIII deficiency in hemophilia A. Understanding the specific laboratory findings associated with hemophilia A is essential for nurses caring for pediatric patients with this condition. Recognizing the prolonged APTT in hemophilia A will guide appropriate interventions, such as factor replacement therapy, to prevent and manage bleeding episodes effectively. This knowledge is critical for safe and competent nursing practice in pediatric hematology and can impact patient outcomes significantly.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the context of a pediatric NCLEX practice quiz, the false positive tuberculin test being present in infection with atypical mycobacteria (Option C) is the correct answer. This is because atypical mycobacteria, such as Mycobacterium avium complex, can cause cross-reactions with the tuberculin test due to similarities in their cell wall antigens to those of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Option A, disseminated infection, is incorrect because a disseminated infection of tuberculosis would likely result in a true positive tuberculin test rather than a false positive. Option B, live viral vaccine, is incorrect as live viral vaccines, like the MMR vaccine, do not typically cause false positive tuberculin tests. Option D, active infection, is also incorrect because active tuberculosis infection would lead to a true positive tuberculin test result. Understanding why certain conditions or factors can lead to false positive results in diagnostic tests is crucial in clinical practice, especially in the field of pediatrics where accurate diagnosis is essential for providing appropriate care to children. This knowledge helps healthcare professionals interpret test results accurately and make informed decisions regarding further investigations or treatment options.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) d-Transposition of great arteries. This is the most common congenital cyanotic heart disease in newborns because it involves a reversal of the aorta and pulmonary artery, leading to two separate circulatory systems. This results in deoxygenated blood circulating in the body, causing cyanosis. Option A) Tetralogy of Fallot is a cyanotic heart defect, but it is not the most common in newborns. It consists of four defects: pulmonary stenosis, overriding aorta, ventricular septal defect, and right ventricular hypertrophy. Option B) Ebstein anomaly is a rare heart defect where the tricuspid valve is located lower than normal in the right ventricle. It can cause cyanosis, but it is not as common as d-Transposition of great arteries. Option D) Hypoplastic left heart syndrome involves underdevelopment of the left side of the heart, leading to inadequate blood flow to the body. While it is a serious condition, it is not the most common cyanotic heart disease in newborns. Understanding the most common congenital cyanotic heart disease in newborns is crucial for pediatric nurses and healthcare providers as it helps in early identification, timely intervention, and appropriate management to improve outcomes for these infants. This knowledge is essential for nursing students preparing for the NCLEX exam to ensure competent and safe care for pediatric patients with congenital heart diseases.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In this question, the correct answer is C) Severe coarctation of the aorta. This congenital heart defect is associated with heart failure in newborns due to the obstruction of blood flow from the left ventricle to the rest of the body. The narrowing of the aorta leads to increased pressure in the left ventricle, causing strain on the heart and ultimately leading to heart failure. Option A) Large VSD (ventricular septal defect) and option B) Large ASD (atrial septal defect) are not typically associated with heart failure in newborns unless there are additional complicating factors present. VSD and ASD are defects that allow blood to flow between the chambers of the heart, but they do not directly cause the same level of obstruction and strain on the heart as coarctation of the aorta. Option D) Severe Tetralogy of Fallot is a cyanotic heart defect that involves a combination of four heart abnormalities. While Tetralogy of Fallot can lead to cyanosis and low oxygen levels, it is not typically associated with heart failure in newborns as the primary issue is oxygenation rather than heart failure. It is important for nurses and healthcare providers to understand the different types of congenital heart defects and their implications for newborns. Recognizing the signs and symptoms of heart failure in newborns with congenital heart disease is crucial for prompt intervention and appropriate management to improve outcomes.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding the clinical manifestations of acute congestive heart failure is crucial for accurate assessment and intervention. In this case, option C, "Firm non-tender liver," is the correct answer. This is because in acute congestive heart failure, the liver may become enlarged and congested due to venous congestion, leading to hepatomegaly. However, the liver typically remains soft and tender in this condition. Option A, "Edema lower limb," is a common clinical manifestation of congestive heart failure due to fluid retention and increased hydrostatic pressure in the veins, leading to swelling in dependent areas like the lower limbs. Option B, "Congested pulsating neck veins," is also seen in acute congestive heart failure as a result of increased central venous pressure, leading to engorgement and pulsation of the jugular veins. Option D, "Basal lung crepitations," are typically present in congestive heart failure due to fluid accumulation in the lungs, leading to crackling sounds upon auscultation in the basal areas. Educationally, understanding these clinical signs helps nurses differentiate between various conditions presenting similarly and tailor care to address the specific needs of the pediatric patient. Recognizing the subtle differences in these manifestations is essential for early identification, prompt treatment, and improved outcomes in children with acute congestive heart failure.