Hemophilia A is characterized by:

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the context of pediatric nursing and hemophilia A, the correct answer is C) Prolonged APPT (Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time). Hemophilia A is a genetic bleeding disorder caused by a deficiency in clotting factor VIII. This deficiency results in impaired clot formation and prolonged bleeding. APPT specifically evaluates the intrinsic pathway of coagulation, which is affected in hemophilia A due to the missing factor VIII. Option A) Prolonged bleeding time is incorrect because bleeding time assesses platelet function, not the clotting factors involved in hemophilia A. Option B) Prolonged prothrombin time is incorrect because it primarily evaluates the extrinsic pathway of coagulation, which is not primarily affected in hemophilia A. Option D) Prolonged thrombin time is incorrect as it assesses the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, not the specific clotting factor deficiencies seen in hemophilia A. Educationally, understanding the specific laboratory findings associated with hemophilia A is crucial for nurses caring for pediatric patients with this condition. Recognizing the significance of a prolonged APPT in diagnosing and managing hemophilia A can guide appropriate interventions and prevent complications related to excessive bleeding in these vulnerable patients.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the context of a pediatric NCLEX practice quiz, the correct answer is C) Infection with atypical mycobacteria. A false positive tuberculin test can occur in individuals who have been exposed to non-tuberculosis mycobacteria, such as Mycobacterium avium or Mycobacterium kansasii. These atypical mycobacteria can cross-react with the tuberculin protein, leading to a positive result even though the person does not have active tuberculosis. Option A) Disseminated infection would likely result in a true positive tuberculin test, as the individual's immune system would be reacting to the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis throughout the body. Option B) Live viral vaccine, such as the bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, can cause a false positive tuberculin test due to its similarity to the tuberculin protein. However, the question specifically asks about atypical mycobacteria, not the BCG vaccine. Option D) Active infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis would also result in a true positive tuberculin test, as the immune response would be triggered by the presence of the actual tuberculosis bacteria. Understanding the reasons behind false positive results in tuberculin testing is crucial for healthcare professionals working with pediatric patients, as it can impact the interpretation of test results and subsequent treatment decisions. By differentiating between various causes of false positives, nurses and other healthcare providers can ensure accurate diagnosis and appropriate management of pediatric patients at risk for tuberculosis.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) d-Transposition of great arteries. In newborns, d-Transposition of the great arteries is the most common congenital cyanotic heart disease. This condition occurs when the aorta is connected to the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery is connected to the left ventricle, leading to a mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. Option A) Tetralogy of Fallot is a cyanotic heart defect but is not the most common in newborns. It consists of four components: pulmonary stenosis, ventricular septal defect, overriding aorta, and right ventricular hypertrophy. Option B) Ebstein anomaly is a rare congenital heart defect characterized by malformed tricuspid valve, leading to displacement of the valve into the right ventricle. Option D) Hypoplastic left heart syndrome is a severe congenital heart defect where the left side of the heart is underdeveloped, leading to inadequate blood flow to the body. Understanding the prevalence and characteristics of congenital heart diseases in newborns is crucial for pediatric nurses and healthcare providers. Recognizing the signs and symptoms early can lead to timely interventions and improved outcomes for these vulnerable patients. It is essential for nurses preparing for the NCLEX to have a solid foundation in pediatric cardiac conditions to provide safe and effective care to pediatric populations.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In newborns, severe coarctation of the aorta is associated with heart failure due to the narrowing of the aorta, leading to increased pressure in the left ventricle and decreased blood flow to the body. This results in heart failure symptoms such as poor feeding, tachypnea, and weak pulses. Large VSD and large ASD can cause increased pulmonary blood flow but do not typically present with heart failure in the newborn period. In the case of severe Tetralogy of Fallot, cyanosis is more prominent than heart failure symptoms in the immediate newborn period. Educationally, understanding the pathophysiology of congenital heart diseases is crucial for nurses caring for pediatric patients. Recognizing the signs and symptoms of heart failure in newborns is essential for early intervention and optimal outcomes. This question reinforces the importance of differentiating between various congenital heart diseases and their associated clinical presentations.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the clinical picture of acute congestive heart failure, the presence of a firm, non-tender liver (Option C) is not typically expected. This is because in congestive heart failure, the liver may become enlarged and tender due to congestion and impaired circulation. Option A, edema in the lower limbs, is a common manifestation of heart failure due to fluid retention and increased venous pressure. Option B, congested pulsating neck veins, is seen in heart failure as a result of increased pressure in the superior vena cava. Option D, basal lung crepitations, are also commonly found in heart failure due to fluid accumulation in the lungs. Educationally, understanding the clinical manifestations of acute congestive heart failure is crucial for healthcare professionals caring for pediatric patients. Recognizing these signs and symptoms promptly can lead to early intervention and improved outcomes. The absence of a tender liver in this context highlights the importance of assessing multiple symptoms comprehensively to reach accurate clinical judgments.