Hemolytic anaemia is characterised by:

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the context of pediatric nursing and cardiovascular disorders, understanding hemolytic anemia is crucial. The correct answer is B) Haemosiderinuria. Hemolytic anemia is characterized by the premature destruction of red blood cells, leading to the release of hemoglobin into the bloodstream. Haemosiderinuria, the presence of hemosiderin (a byproduct of hemoglobin breakdown) in the urine, is a key indicator of intravascular hemolysis, a common feature of hemolytic anemia. Option A) Increased haptoglobin is incorrect because in hemolytic anemia, haptoglobin levels are decreased due to the binding of free hemoglobin. Option C) Polychromasia is a feature seen in conditions like iron deficiency anemia, not specifically in hemolytic anemia. Option D) Megaloblastic bone marrow is associated with vitamin B12 or folate deficiencies, not hemolytic anemia. Educationally, understanding the pathophysiology and clinical manifestations of hemolytic anemia in pediatric patients is essential for nurses to provide effective care. Recognizing key laboratory findings like haemosiderinuria can aid in early diagnosis and intervention, ultimately improving patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the context of pediatric nursing and cardiovascular disorders, understanding Ehlers-Danlos syndrome is crucial. The correct answer is "D) Easy scarring" because one of the recognized features of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome is skin hyperextensibility and easy bruising, leading to characteristic scarring. This is due to abnormalities in collagen synthesis and structure, which are hallmark features of the syndrome. Option A, "Mutation in fibrillin gene," is incorrect because that is associated with Marfan syndrome, not Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Short stature, option B, is not a typical feature of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, which primarily affects connective tissue integrity, not necessarily growth. Keratoconus, option C, is a condition involving the cornea and is not directly related to Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of recognizing key clinical features of genetic disorders like Ehlers-Danlos syndrome in pediatric patients. Understanding these distinctions can aid in early identification, appropriate management, and improved outcomes for children with such conditions. Nurses must be equipped with this knowledge to provide comprehensive care and support to pediatric patients and their families.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding the complications of Mycoplasma infection is crucial for providing quality care. The correct answer is B) Haemolytic anaemia. Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection can lead to the development of autoimmune hemolytic anemia, where the body's immune system attacks its own red blood cells, causing anemia. This is a well-documented complication associated with Mycoplasma infections. Option A) Thrombocytopenia is incorrect because while infections can sometimes lead to decreased platelet count, thrombocytopenia is not a frequent complication specifically associated with Mycoplasma infections. Option C) Cardiac conduction defects are not commonly seen as complications of Mycoplasma infection in the pediatric population. These defects are more commonly associated with other cardiac conditions or infections. Option D) Pleural effusion is also not a typical complication of Mycoplasma infection. Pleural effusion is more commonly seen in conditions like pneumonia or congestive heart failure. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of recognizing the varied complications that can arise from specific infections in pediatric patients. It reinforces the need for nurses to have a comprehensive understanding of how different pathogens can impact various body systems, guiding their assessment and intervention strategies in pediatric cardiovascular disorders.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the context of pediatric nursing and cardiovascular disorders, understanding the common presenting features of myotonic dystrophy is crucial for providing effective care. The correct answer, option D) Macro-orchidism, is associated with myotonic dystrophy, a genetic disorder characterized by muscle weakness and myotonia. Macro-orchidism refers to abnormally large testes, which is a key clinical feature seen in males with myotonic dystrophy due to testicular atrophy and fibrosis. Option A) Floppy infant is incorrect because it is typically seen in conditions like hypotonia or muscular dystrophy, but not specifically in myotonic dystrophy. Option B) Corneal opacities are not a common feature of myotonic dystrophy, although they can be seen in other ocular conditions. Option C) Frontal baldness is also not a characteristic feature of myotonic dystrophy. Educationally, this question emphasizes the importance of recognizing key clinical manifestations of genetic disorders like myotonic dystrophy in pediatric patients. By understanding these specific features, nurses can assist in early identification, management, and referral for appropriate interventions to optimize patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the context of pediatric nursing and cardiovascular disorders, understanding respiratory pathogens in immunosuppressed patients is crucial. The correct answer, option C) Pneumocystis carinii, is a fungal pathogen commonly seen in immunocompromised individuals, particularly those with weakened immune systems such as pediatric patients with cardiovascular disorders who may be on immunosuppressive therapy. Staphylococcus aureus (option A) is a common bacterial pathogen but is not specifically associated with respiratory infections in the immunosuppressed. Legionella (option B) is a bacterium known to cause Legionnaires' disease primarily in individuals with underlying health conditions but is not a typical respiratory pathogen in immunosuppressed pediatric patients. Chlamydia (option D) is a bacterial pathogen that can cause respiratory infections but is not a common pathogen in immunosuppressed individuals, especially in the pediatric population. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of recognizing specific pathogens that pose a higher risk to immunosuppressed pediatric patients, emphasizing the need for tailored treatment and preventive strategies in this vulnerable population. Understanding the unique microbiological profile of immunocompromised individuals is essential for providing safe and effective care, especially in the context of cardiovascular disorders where infection control is paramount for positive patient outcomes.