Heimlich maneuver is used for which of the following purposes:

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) Expelling a foreign body in an unconscious child. The Heimlich maneuver is a first aid procedure used to dislodge an obstruction from a person's airway when they are choking and unable to breathe or speak. In pediatric nursing, this maneuver is crucial as children are at higher risk of choking due to their smaller airways and tendency to put objects in their mouths. Performing the Heimlich maneuver correctly can save a child's life by quickly removing the obstruction and restoring their ability to breathe. Option A) Assessing if the child is breathing is incorrect because the Heimlich maneuver is not used for assessment but for actively removing a foreign body obstructing the airway. Option C) Chest compression in a large child is incorrect as chest compressions are part of CPR (Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation) and are not performed during the Heimlich maneuver. Option D) Opening the airway in possible cervical spine injury is incorrect because the Heimlich maneuver is specifically for choking emergencies and not intended for managing cervical spine injuries. Educationally, it is important for pediatric nurses to be well-versed in the correct techniques for emergency procedures like the Heimlich maneuver to respond effectively in critical situations. Regular training, practice drills, and staying updated on pediatric first aid guidelines are essential to ensure nurses can provide prompt and accurate care to children in need.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) Metabolic alkalosis without compensation. This interpretation is based on the given ABG results: pH 7.48 (alkalotic), PaCO2 42 (normal), and HCO3 30 (elevated). In metabolic alkalosis, there is an excess of bicarbonate (HCO3) in the blood, leading to an increase in pH above the normal range (7.35-7.45). The normal PaCO2 in this case indicates that there is no compensatory respiratory response to the metabolic alkalosis, hence "without compensation." Option A) Metabolic acidosis without compensation is incorrect because the pH is alkalotic, not acidic. Option B) Respiratory alkalosis with partial compensation is incorrect because the PaCO2 is normal, not low, and there is no compensatory respiratory response. Option C) Respiratory alkalosis with full compensation is incorrect for the same reasons as option B. Understanding ABG results is crucial in pediatric nursing as it helps in assessing a child's acid-base balance, respiratory function, and overall oxygenation status. Recognizing different acid-base imbalances is essential for appropriate diagnosis and treatment in pediatric patients. Remembering the normal ranges for pH, PaCO2, and HCO3, as well as the relationships between them, is key to interpreting ABGs accurately.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding acid-base balance is crucial for providing effective care to patients, especially those with renal failure. In this scenario, the correct answer is D) Wide anion gap. Wide anion gap acidosis in renal failure is typically due to the accumulation of unmeasured anions like phosphates, sulfates, and organic acids. This occurs because the kidneys are unable to excrete these acids, leading to an increase in the anion gap. Option A) Hypochloremia is unlikely as renal failure would lead to the retention of chloride ions, causing hyperchloremia rather than hypochloremia. Option B) Hypokalemia is also unlikely as renal failure often results in hyperkalemia due to the impaired excretion of potassium by the kidneys. Option C) Hypernatremia is less likely to be associated with acidosis in renal failure as it is more commonly seen in conditions like dehydration or excessive sodium intake. Understanding the relationship between renal failure and acid-base balance is essential for pediatric nurses to assess, plan, and intervene effectively in the care of their patients. By grasping these concepts, nurses can make informed clinical decisions to manage acidosis in children with renal impairment, ensuring optimal patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding the medications used in resuscitation is crucial for providing effective care to critically ill children. In this question, the correct answer is D) Digitalis. Digitalis, also known as Digoxin, is not typically used in pediatric resuscitation. It is primarily used in the treatment of heart failure and certain arrhythmias but is not a medication administered during immediate resuscitation efforts. A) Atropine is used in pediatric resuscitation to treat symptomatic bradycardia. B) Bicarbonate may be used in resuscitation for acidosis correction. C) Epinephrine is a key medication in pediatric resuscitation for treating cardiac arrest and severe allergic reactions. Educationally, knowing the appropriate medications for pediatric resuscitation scenarios is essential for nurses working in a variety of settings, including emergency departments, pediatric intensive care units, and general pediatric wards. Understanding the indications, doses, and potential side effects of these medications is critical for providing safe and effective care to pediatric patients in emergency situations.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the context of pediatric nursing, understanding the manifestations of anaphylactic shock is crucial for providing effective care to children in emergency situations. The correct answer, option B) Decreased systemic vascular resistance, is characteristic of anaphylactic shock. During anaphylaxis, there is a widespread release of inflammatory mediators leading to vasodilation and increased capillary permeability, resulting in decreased systemic vascular resistance. This can lead to hypotension and compromised tissue perfusion. Option A) Airway obstruction is a common feature of anaphylactic shock but is not the defining characteristic. While airway compromise can occur due to swelling of the airway structures, it is not the primary pathophysiological mechanism of anaphylactic shock. Option C) Generalized vasoconstriction is not a feature of anaphylactic shock. In contrast, vasodilation is predominant due to the release of histamine and other vasodilatory substances during anaphylaxis. Option D) Hypovolemia is a consequence of fluid shifting from the intravascular space to the interstitial space during anaphylactic shock, but it is not the primary characteristic. The decrease in vascular resistance and subsequent vasodilation contribute more significantly to the pathophysiology of anaphylactic shock in children. Educationally, understanding the specific manifestations of anaphylactic shock in pediatric patients is vital for nurses to recognize and respond promptly to this life-threatening condition. Teaching healthcare providers to differentiate between the various signs and symptoms of anaphylactic shock can aid in timely intervention and improved outcomes for pediatric patients experiencing this medical emergency.