he theorist who believes that human behavior is purposeful is

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the context of patient and family-centered care nursing, understanding human behavior is crucial for providing holistic and individualized care. The correct answer to the question is B) Carl Rogers. Carl Rogers, a humanistic psychologist, believed that human behavior is purposeful and that individuals strive for self-actualization and personal growth. In the nursing context, this means recognizing and respecting the patient's unique perspective, values, and goals in the care process. By acknowledging the patient's inner drive for personal fulfillment, nurses can better support their psychological well-being. The other options are incorrect for the following reasons: A) Sigmund Freud: Freud's psychoanalytic theory focuses on unconscious motivations and early childhood experiences influencing behavior, rather than viewing behavior as purposeful in the present moment. C) B.F. Skinner: Skinner, a behaviorist, emphasized external stimuli and reinforcement shaping behavior, rather than emphasizing individual intention and self-directed growth. D) Albert Bandura: Bandura's social cognitive theory includes concepts of observational learning and self-efficacy but does not specifically address the purposeful nature of human behavior as emphasized by Carl Rogers. Educationally, understanding different psychological perspectives on human behavior can help nurses develop a more comprehensive approach to patient care. By recognizing the purposeful nature of behavior, nurses can better engage with patients, promote autonomy, and tailor interventions to support patients' individual needs and goals, ultimately enhancing the quality of care provided.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Patient and Family Centered Care Nursing emphasizes the importance of understanding human development across the lifespan. Infants develop innate reflexes that assist them in interacting with their environment. The correct answer is A) Birth to one-month because during this period, infants exhibit reflexes such as sucking, rooting, grasping, and Moro reflex, which are essential for their survival and early interactions. Option B) One to four-months is incorrect because during this period, infants start to develop more voluntary movements and begin to explore their surroundings beyond reflexive actions. Option C) Five to eight months is also incorrect as infants in this age range are developing more intentional movements, such as reaching for objects and sitting up, rather than relying solely on reflexes. Option D) Eight to twelve months is not the correct answer as infants at this stage are further developing their motor skills and beginning to stand and walk, showing a decrease in reliance on reflexes for interaction. Understanding these developmental milestones is crucial for nurses practicing patient and family-centered care as it allows them to provide appropriate support and interventions based on the individual needs and capabilities of each patient. By recognizing the differences in reflex behaviors across various age ranges, nurses can better assess and promote optimal development in infants and provide family-centered care that is tailored to the unique needs of each patient and their family.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) 1950. The client-centered approach in nursing shifted in the 1950s with the work of theorists like Carl Rogers, who emphasized the importance of focusing on the client's perspective, feelings, and experiences in healthcare. This approach was a significant departure from the traditional paternalistic model of care that dominated healthcare in earlier decades. Option A) 1940 is incorrect because although patient-centered care concepts were emerging, the formal shift to a more client-centered approach did not occur until later. Option C) 1960 and Option D) 1970 are also incorrect as they are too late in the timeline for the significant shift in nursing care philosophy to occur. By the 1950s, nursing was already embracing a more patient-centered and holistic approach that considered the individual's needs and preferences. In an educational context, understanding the evolution of nursing care approaches is crucial for nursing students. It helps them appreciate the significance of person-centered care, empathy, and communication in building therapeutic relationships with patients and their families. This historical perspective informs current nursing practice, emphasizing the importance of individualized care and promoting patient autonomy and empowerment.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer to the question is B) Participant Observation. Participant observation is a research method in which the observer becomes a part of the group being observed. This approach allows the observer to gain a deeper understanding of the group's behaviors, interactions, and dynamics by immersing themselves in the setting. In this context, recording of observation (option A) refers to documenting observations made during the research process. While important, it does not involve the observer actively participating in the group. Natural observation (option C) involves observing subjects in their natural environment without interference, but it does not entail becoming a part of the group being observed. Good observation (option D) is a vague term and does not specifically relate to the immersive nature of participant observation. Educationally, understanding participant observation is crucial for nursing students focusing on patient and family-centered care. By immersing themselves in the patient's environment, nurses can gain valuable insights into the patient's needs, preferences, and behaviors, leading to more effective and compassionate care. This method allows nurses to truly understand the patient's perspective and collaborate more effectively with both the patient and their family members.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the context of patient and family-centered care nursing, understanding deficits in adaptive behavior is crucial for providing holistic care. The correct answer is B) Three. Deficits in adaptive behavior are typically reflected in three main areas: conceptual skills (communication, self-direction), social skills (interpersonal relationships, social responsibility), and practical skills (activities of daily living, occupational skills). Option A) Two is incorrect because adaptive behavior deficits encompass more than just two areas. Patients with deficits may struggle in multiple domains, not limited to just two. Option C) Four is incorrect because although individuals may have challenges in various aspects of their adaptive behavior, the standard model recognizes three main areas of deficits, not four. Option D) One is incorrect as it oversimplifies the complex nature of adaptive behavior deficits. These deficits typically manifest across multiple domains rather than being confined to just one area. Educationally, understanding the three areas of deficits in adaptive behavior helps nurses tailor care plans to address specific needs comprehensively. By recognizing and assessing these areas, nurses can provide targeted interventions to support patients in developing skills and achieving optimal functioning in their daily lives, ultimately promoting better health outcomes and quality of life.