Haematuria, hypertension, proteinuria and red cell casts in the urine are indicative of?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Nephritic conditions (e.g., glomerulonephritis) show hematuria, hypertension, proteinuria, red cell casts glomerular inflammation hallmark. Nephrotic syndrome lacks casts edema, heavy proteinuria. Hepatorenal is liver-related no casts. Rhabdomyolysis causes myoglobinuria not glomerular. Nephritic profile distinguishes it, key to renal diagnosis, unlike protein, liver, or muscle disorders.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: IgA nephropathy (Berger's) is the commonest glomerulonephritis chronic, frequent acute flares (e.g., post-viral hematuria), outpacing post-strep (episodic), Goodpasture's (rare), and SLE (systemic). IgA's global burden distinguishes it, key to GN prevalence, unlike less frequent or severe forms.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Tunica albuginea repair is needed in penile fracture rupture during erection (e.g., intercourse), surgical fix restores integrity. Corpus spongiosum/urethra rarely tear separate. Corpora cavernosum is inside tunica contained. Buck's fascia may tear secondary. Tunica's role distinguishes it, critical for penile structure, unlike adjacent or contained tissues.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Thiazides inhibit Na+/Cl- cotransporter in the DCT, promoting diuresis, not stimulating it or affecting the loop of Henle (furosemide's site). This distinguishes thiazide's action, key for hypertension treatment, contrasting with loop diuretics or stimulatory misconceptions.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Genitofemoral nerve emerges anteriorly from psoas major, unlike iliohypogastric/ilioinguinal (lateral), femoral (lateral/posterior), or lumbosacral trunk (medial). This specifies lumbar plexus anatomy, vital for surgical approaches, contrasting with other trajectories.