Glucagon release from pancreas is stimulated by:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Adrenaline. Glucagon release is stimulated by low blood glucose levels, which triggers the release of adrenaline. Adrenaline signals the liver to release stored glucose, raising blood sugar levels. High blood glucose levels (choice A) would not stimulate glucagon release. Insulin (choice B) decreases blood glucose levels and inhibits glucagon release. Somatostatin (choice C) also inhibits glucagon release.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Fludrocortisone. In Addison's disease, the adrenal glands do not produce enough cortisol and aldosterone. Fludrocortisone is a synthetic steroid that mimics aldosterone, helping to maintain electrolyte balance. It is preferred over aldosterone itself due to better pharmacokinetics and longer duration of action. Hydrocortisone (C) is used to replace cortisol. Betamethasone (D) is a potent glucocorticoid with no mineralocorticoid activity. Aldosterone (A) is not the preferred corticosteroid for replacement therapy in Addison's disease.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated in posterior uveitis due to its potent anti-inflammatory properties, helping to reduce inflammation in the eye. For exfoliative dermatitis, topical corticosteroids are more commonly used. Acute rheumatic fever is treated with antibiotics and anti-inflammatory medications. Hodgkin's disease requires chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Therefore, the correct answer is B as systemic corticosteroids are specifically beneficial in managing inflammation in posterior uveitis.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Hypertrophy of interstitial cells of testes. Testosterone therapy can lead to an increase in testosterone levels, causing hypertrophy of interstitial cells, which produce testosterone. Choice A is incorrect as seminiferous tubules are not affected by testosterone therapy. Choice C is also incorrect as atrophy of interstitial cells is not a known effect of testosterone therapy. Choice D is incorrect as only choice B accurately reflects the impact of prolonged testosterone therapy on testicular cells.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Precocious puberty. Parenteral testosterone therapy can suppress endogenous testosterone production, delaying puberty rather than causing precocious puberty. Gynaecomastia (A), acne (B), and cholestatic jaundice (C) are possible adverse effects of testosterone therapy due to its impact on hormone levels and liver function. However, precocious puberty is not a known side effect of testosterone therapy in boys.