Glomerulonephritis is characterized by glomerular damage caused by

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Rationale for Choice C: 1. Glomerulonephritis is an immune-mediated condition where the accumulation of immune complexes in the glomeruli triggers inflammation and damages the kidney. 2. Immune complexes can form due to various reasons like infections or autoimmune disorders, leading to glomerular injury. 3. This immune complex deposition activates the complement system and attracts inflammatory cells, causing further damage to the glomeruli. Summary of Other Choices: A. Growth of microorganisms in the glomeruli is not a characteristic feature of glomerulonephritis, as it is primarily an immune-mediated condition. B. The release of bacterial substances toxic to the glomeruli is not the primary mechanism of injury in glomerulonephritis. D. Hemolysis of red blood cells circulating in the glomeruli is not a direct cause of glomerulonephritis; it is more characteristic of conditions like hemolytic uremic syndrome.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Metabolic acidosis in AKI oliguric phase is due to impaired bicarbonate excretion. In AKI, damaged kidneys cannot adequately excrete acids, leading to acidosis. Option C is correct because impaired bicarbonate excretion results in decreased buffering capacity, leading to metabolic acidosis. Option A (ammonia synthesis) helps in renal acid excretion. Option B (sodium excretion) does not directly impact acid-base balance. Option D (potassium conservation) is unrelated to acidosis in AKI.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Rejection. Rejection is a critical complication post-transplantation where the recipient's immune system recognizes the transplanted organ as foreign and attacks it. Assessing for rejection is crucial to decrease the risk of mortality as it can lead to organ failure. In contrast, while infection (choice A), malignancy (choice C), and cardiovascular disease (choice D) are also potential complications post-transplantation, rejection poses the most immediate threat to the survival of the transplanted organ and patient. Regular monitoring, prompt identification, and intervention for rejection are essential in improving transplant outcomes.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Maintaining a regular activity program for Mr. Reed is crucial for his overall health and recovery post-discharge. Regular physical activity helps improve circulation, strength, and mental well-being. This is particularly important for patients recovering from an illness or surgery to prevent muscle atrophy and promote healing. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they are not directly related to discharge teaching for Mr. Reed. Taking calcium supplements, teaching signs of chronic kidney disease, and increasing milk intake may be relevant for other health conditions but are not specifically mentioned as important elements for Mr. Reed's discharge teaching.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C (40g) because the recommended daily protein intake for an average adult is around 0.8g per kg of body weight. Let's say Susan weighs 50kg, then her recommended protein intake would be 40g (50kg x 0.8g/kg). Option A (60g) is higher than the calculated amount. Option B (29g) is too low for an average adult. Option D (120g) is too high and exceeds the recommended intake, which could strain the kidneys and other organs.