Glomerular filtration occurs between the _____ and the ______.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Glomerular filtration occurs between glomerulus and glomerular capsule plasma filters into Bowman's space (e.g., GFR). Afferent/peritubular are vascular not filtration site. Efferent/peritubular are post-filtration incorrect. Peritubular/tubule is reabsorption not filtration. Glomerulus-capsule interface distinguishes it, critical for filtrate formation, unlike vascular or tubular errors.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: ANH increases Na /water excretion reduces blood volume/BP (e.g., heart stretch response). Decrease contradicts ANH is natriuretic. Increase/increasing raises volume opposite. Increase/decreasing aligns distinguishes it, key to BP regulation, unlike retention or mismatched effects.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: A buffer takes up excess H or OH⁻ e.g., HCO₃⁻ neutralizes (pH stability). Acid donates H not absorbs. Base takes H not OH⁻. Salt is neutral non-buffering. Buffer's dual capacity distinguishes it, key to homeostasis, unlike one-way or neutral substances.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Large intestine isn't excretory removes feces, not metabolic waste (e.g., defecation vs. excretion). Kidney excretes urine true. Liver processes urea excretory. Lungs expel COâ‚‚ excretory. Intestine's fecal role distinguishes it, key to excretion definition, unlike waste-excreting organs.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Sodium balance hinges on GFR (filtration rate) and Na reabsorption e.g., PCT (65%), aldosterone (distal). GFR/renin ties BP not direct Na . Na /K links aldosterone partial view. None denies control false. GFR/reabsorption synergy distinguishes it, critical for Na homeostasis, unlike partial or null options.