Glomerular filtrate is identical to plasma, except in respect to:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Glomerular filtrate lacks formed elements (RBCs, WBCs) and proteins (albumin) e.g., filtered by glomerular pores. pH matches plasma ~7.4. Glucose is equal reabsorbed later. Albumin/globulins alone omits cells partial. Full exclusion distinguishes it, key to filtration selectivity, unlike pH or partial differences.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Nephron comprises Bowman's capsule, tubules, Loop, glomerulus, collecting duct e.g., functional unit. Ureter transports not nephron. Micturition is urination unrelated. Zona glomerulosa is aldosterone not structural. Full structure distinguishes it, critical for kidney function, unlike transport or secretion.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In oliguric acute renal failure, impaired ammonia synthesis prevents hydrogen ion buffering, causing acidosis not sodium excretion (electrolyte), bicarbonate loss (compensatory), or potassium retention (separate issue). This distinguishes renal acidosis etiology, critical for managing pH imbalance, contrasting with electrolyte-focused mechanisms.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Hypertension, a leading cause of renal insufficiency, damages renal vessels not angina (cardiac), asthma (respiratory), or arthritis (autoimmune). This distinguishes hypertension's etiological role, critical for history-taking, contrasting with unrelated conditions.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Acute rejection presents with fever and graft tenderness from immune attack not tachycardia (nonspecific), hypotension (shock), or infections (complications). This distinguishes acute rejection signs, critical for patient education, contrasting with systemic or infectious issues.