Furosemide acts by inhibiting the following in the renal tubular cell: *

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Furosemide inhibits the Na+K+/2Cl- transporter in the renal tubular cell. This transporter is responsible for reabsorbing sodium, potassium, and chloride ions from the urine back into the bloodstream. By inhibiting this transporter, furosemide prevents the reabsorption of these ions, leading to increased excretion of water and electrolytes, thereby promoting diuresis. Na+K+ ATPase (A) is not the target of furosemide. Na+/Cl- transporter (B) is not the primary mechanism of action for furosemide. Na+H+ antiporter (D) is not the target of furosemide in the renal tubular cell.

Correct Answer:

Rationale: Correct Answer: C: large numbers of glomeruli Rationale: 1. The process of voiding urine involves the filtration of blood in the kidneys. 2. Glomeruli are the kidney structures responsible for filtering blood and forming urine. 3. Having a large number of glomeruli increases the efficiency of urine production and filtration. 4. Therefore, the presence of large numbers of glomeruli enhances the process of voiding urine. Summary: A: Large surface area of capillaries - This does not directly relate to the process of voiding urine but rather to blood circulation. B: Menstruation - Menstruation is a reproductive process and not related to voiding urine. D: Implantation - Implantation refers to the attachment of a fertilized egg in the uterus and is not related to voiding urine.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Post streptococcal glomerulonephritis. It is the most common form of acute glomerulonephritis caused by a previous streptococcal infection. This type of glomerulonephritis typically occurs in children and young adults. The immune response to the streptococcal infection leads to the deposition of immune complexes in the glomeruli, causing inflammation and kidney damage. Choice B (IgA nephropathy) is a chronic form of glomerulonephritis characterized by the deposition of IgA immune complexes in the glomeruli. Choice C (Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis) is a severe form of glomerulonephritis characterized by rapid loss of kidney function. Choice D (Goodpasture's syndrome) is a rare autoimmune disease affecting the lungs and kidneys, characterized by the production of antibodies against the basement membrane of the glomeruli.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Scrotum. The scrotum is a pouch of skin and muscle that houses and protects the testes, which are the actual male reproductive glands responsible for producing sperm. The scrotum also helps regulate the temperature of the testes to ensure optimal sperm production. A: Testis - While the testis is an external male genital structure, it is not the correct answer in this context as the question specifically asks for external structures. C: Epididymis - The epididymis is a coiled tube located on the back of each testicle where sperm mature and are stored. It is an internal structure and not considered part of the external genital structures. D: Vas deferens - The vas deferens is a tube that carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra during ejaculation. It is also an internal structure and not part of the external genital structures.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because it pertains to a common genitourinary issue in older men, nocturia. Nocturnal emissions (choice B) are not typically relevant in this context. Testicular self-examination (choice C) is more appropriate for younger men, and asking about unwanted touching (choice D) is not relevant to obtaining a genitourinary history. Asking about nocturia can provide valuable information about potential prostate issues, urinary tract infections, or other conditions commonly affecting older men.